{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T19:44:56Z","timestamp":1783539896060,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"NIGMS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54GM133807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54GM133807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"NIGMS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01CA260541-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01CA260541-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"NIGMS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-00272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-00272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Puerto Rico Science, Technology and Research Trust","award":["U54GM133807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54GM133807"]}]},{"name":"Puerto Rico Science, Technology and Research Trust","award":["1U01CA260541-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01CA260541-01"]}]},{"name":"Puerto Rico Science, Technology and Research Trust","award":["2020-00272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-00272"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often relies on biological and immunomodulatory agents for remission through immunosuppression, raising concerns regarding the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine\u2019s effectiveness. The emergent variants have hindered the vaccine neutralization capacity, and whether the third vaccine dose can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants in this population remains unknown. This study aims to evaluate the humoral response of SARS-CoV-2 variants in patients with IBD 60 days after the third vaccine dose [BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna)]. Fifty-six subjects with IBD and 12 healthy subjects were recruited. Ninety percent of patients with IBD (49\/56) received biologics and\/or immunomodulatory therapy. Twenty-four subjects with IBD did not develop effective neutralizing capability against the Omicron variant. Seventy percent (17\/24) of those subjects received anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy [10 = adalimumab, 7 = infliximab], two of which had a history of COVID-19 infection, and one subject did not develop immune neutralization against three other variants: Gamma, Epsilon, and Kappa. All subjects in the control group developed detectable antibodies and effective neutralization against all seven SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our study shows that patients with IBD might not be protected against SARS-CoV-2 variants, and more extensive studies are needed to evaluate optimal immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10081301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T23:05:49Z","timestamp":1660259149000},"page":"1301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Inefficient Induction of Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy after Receiving a Third mRNA Vaccine Dose"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"L\u00f3pez-Marte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Research, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alondra","family":"Soto-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Research, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0315-733X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizzie","family":"Ramos-Tollinchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Research, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-8112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Torres-Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Research, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Ferre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Martin\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther A.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Research, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7535-4303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Sariol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1088","article-title":"Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on COVID-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: Test negative case-control study","volume":"373","author":"Bernal","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00005-X","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody responses in immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A multicentre, prospective, case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Alexander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. 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Crohn\u2019s Colitis"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/10\/8\/1301\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:07:13Z","timestamp":1760141233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/10\/8\/1301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines10081301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10081301","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202206.0410.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]}}}