{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T21:21:31Z","timestamp":1793308891197,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia Short Term grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304\/PPSP\/6315419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304\/PPSP\/6315419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia Short Term grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RIA2016E-1609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2016E-1609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Creativity and Management (RCMO), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)","award":["304\/PPSP\/6315419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304\/PPSP\/6315419"]}]},{"name":"Research Creativity and Management (RCMO), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)","award":["RIA2016E-1609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2016E-1609"]}]},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, USM","award":["304\/PPSP\/6315419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304\/PPSP\/6315419"]}]},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, USM","award":["RIA2016E-1609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2016E-1609"]}]},{"name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP2) program","award":["304\/PPSP\/6315419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304\/PPSP\/6315419"]}]},{"name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP2) program","award":["RIA2016E-1609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2016E-1609"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infection with the intracellular apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes serious clinical outcomes in both human and veterinary settings worldwide. Although approximately one-third of the world\u2019s population is infected with T. gondii, an effective human vaccine for this disease remains unavailable. We aimed to design a potential T. gondii vaccine candidate that consisted of the B- and T-lymphocyte epitopes of three parasite immunogenic antigens. Firstly, the immunodominant epitopes expressed within the ROP2, MIC3, and GRA7 proteins of T. gondii were identified. Subsequently, six B-cell epitopes, five CTL epitopes, and five HTL epitopes were combined to generate a multi-epitope vaccine, and the 50S ribosomal protein L7\/L12 was added as an adjuvant to boost the vaccine\u2019s immunogenicity. All these epitopes were found to be antigenic, nonallergenic, nontoxic, and nonhuman homologs. The designed vaccine construct has a molecular weight of 51 kDa, an antigenicity score of 0.6182, and a solubility of 0.903461. Likewise, the candidate vaccine was immunogenic, nonallergenic, and stable. Molecular docking analysis revealed stable interactions between the vaccine construct and the TLR-4 immune receptor. Meanwhile, the stability of the developed vaccine was validated using molecular dynamics simulation. In silico, the vaccine construct was able to trigger primary immune responses. However, further laboratory-based assessments are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T02:09:36Z","timestamp":1661911776000},"page":"1389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Designing a Multi-Epitope Vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii: An Immunoinformatics Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mutiat","family":"Hammed-Akanmu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1635-9301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Mim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3172-5912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdinasir Yusuf","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7448-9094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman M.","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Behmard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali A.","family":"Rabaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapeah","family":"Suppain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-6702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Hajissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman P.O. Box 382, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.01.005","article-title":"History of the discovery of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"39","author":"Dubey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.693197","article-title":"A review on human toxoplasmosis","volume":"44","author":"Saadatnia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Weiss, L.M., and Kim, K. (2011). Toxoplasma Gondii: The Model Apicomplexan. 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