{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:50:51Z","timestamp":1793429451917,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The monkeypox virus (MPV) is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family, Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, and Orthopoxvirus genus. It was called monkeypox because it was first discovered in monkeys, in a Danish laboratory, in 1958. However, the actual reservoir for MPV is still unknown. (2) Methods and Results: We have reviewed the existing literature on the options for Monkeypox virus. There are three available vaccines for orthopoxviruses\u2014ACAM2000, JYNNEOS, and LC16\u2014with the first being a replicating vaccine and the latter being non- or minimally replicating. (3) Conclusions: Smallpox vaccinations previously provided coincidental immunity to MPV. ACAM2000 (a live-attenuated replicating vaccine) and JYNNEOS (a live-attenuated, nonreplicating vaccine) are two US FDA-approved vaccines that can prevent monkeypox. However, ACAM2000 may cause serious side effects, including cardiac problems, whereas JYNNEOS is associated with fewer complications. The recent outbreaks across the globe have once again highlighted the need for constant monitoring and the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic modalities. Based on available data, there is still a need to develop an effective and safe new generation of vaccines specific for monkeypox that are killed or developed into a mRNA vaccine before monkeypox is declared a pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T02:09:36Z","timestamp":1661911776000},"page":"1419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Preventing the Next Pandemic: Is Live Vaccine Efficacious against Monkeypox, or Is There a Need for Killed Virus and mRNA Vaccines?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3787-5970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelaziz","family":"Abdelaal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Medical Education, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Tanta Research Team, Tanta 31527, Egypt"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2180-0029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Reda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basant Ismail","family":"Lashin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Banha University, Benha 13511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9992-2387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basant E.","family":"Katamesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanta Research Team, Tanta 31527, Egypt"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9786-2237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aml M.","family":"Brakat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Ash Sharqia Governorate, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balqees Mahmoud","family":"AL-Manaseer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayanika","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankush","family":"Asija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nimesh K.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soney","family":"Basnyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali A.","family":"Rabaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4552-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad","family":"Alhumaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hawra","family":"Albayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5335-2809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Aljeldah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3522-0607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basim R. Al","family":"Shammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9703-1177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal H.","family":"Al-Najjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug & Poison Information Center, Pharmacy Department, Security Forces Hospital Program, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed K.","family":"Al-Jassem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug & Poison Information Center, Pharmacy Department, Security Forces Hospital Program, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan T.","family":"AlShurbaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Pharmacy, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Medical Group, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh 91877, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah S.","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahlam","family":"Alynbiawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Medical Specialties Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12231, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab H.","family":"Alfaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 31176, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duaa H.","family":"Alfaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 31176, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3387-8499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Aldawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam 31411, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yub Raj","family":"Sedhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kentucky, Bowling Green, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Mumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coast General Teaching and Referral Hospital, Mombasa P.O. Box 90231-80100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso J.","family":"Rodriguez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latin American Network on Monkeypox Virus Research (LAMOVI), Pereira 66001, Colombia"},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Visi\u00f3n de las Am\u00e9ricas, Pereira 12998, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Aut\u00f3nomade las Am\u00e9ricas, Pereira 66003, Colombia"},{"name":"Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 4861, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2695-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjit","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Medical Education, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Latin American Network on Monkeypox Virus Research (LAMOVI), Pereira 66001, Colombia"},{"name":"Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6510a2","article-title":"Use of Vaccinia Virus Smallpox Vaccine in Laboratory and Health Care Personnel at Risk for Occupational Exposure to Orthopoxviruses\u2014Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2015","volume":"65","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morb. 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