{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T20:05:42Z","timestamp":1774382742652,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006041","name":"Innovate UK (IUK)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Influenza is a respiratory infection that continues to present a major threat to human health, with ~500,000 deaths\/year. Continued circulation of epidemic subtypes in humans and animals potentially increases the risk of future pandemics. Vaccination has failed to halt the evolution of this virus and next-generation prophylactic approaches are under development. Naked, \u201cheat inactivated\u201d, or inert bacterial spores have been shown to protect against influenza in murine models. Methods: Ferrets were administered intranasal doses of inert bacterial spores (DSM 32444K) every 7 days for 4 weeks. Seven days after the last dose, the animals were challenged with avian H7N9 influenza A virus. Clinical signs of infection and viral shedding were monitored. Results: Clinical symptoms of infection were significantly reduced in animals dosed with DSM 32444K. The temporal kinetics of viral shedding was reduced but not prevented. Conclusion: Taken together, nasal dosing using heat-stable spores could provide a useful approach for influenza prophylaxis in both humans and animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:08:09Z","timestamp":1663718889000},"page":"1559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Intranasal Treatment of Ferrets with Inert Bacterial Spores Reduces Disease Caused by a Challenging H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9673-3684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huynh A.","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chau","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho T. Y.","family":"Linh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HURO Biotech JSC, Lot A1-8, VL3 Road, Vinh Loc 2 Industrial Park, Long Hiep Commune, Ben Luc District, Long An, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9163-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6259-0665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paidamoyo M.","family":"Katsande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linh","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Destiny Pharma Plc., Sussex Innovation Centre, Science Park Square, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Destiny Pharma Plc., Sussex Innovation Centre, Science Park Square, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1286-9825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley C.","family":"Banyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon M.","family":"Cutting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00130-11","article-title":"Immunization with Bacillus spores expressing toxin A peptide repeats protects against infection with Clostridium difficile strains producing toxins A and B","volume":"79","author":"Permpoonpattana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. 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