{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T04:17:43Z","timestamp":1793506663535,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania. The visceral form of this disease caused by Leishmania donovani continues to constitute a major public health crisis, especially in countries of endemicity. In some cases, it is asymptomatic and comes with acute and chronic clinical outcomes such as weight loss, pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and death if left untreated. Over the years, the treatment of VL has relied solely on chemotherapeutic agents, but unfortunately, these drugs are now faced with challenges. Despite all efforts, no successful vaccine has been approved for VL. This could be as a result of limited knowledge\/understanding of the immune mechanisms necessary to regulate parasite growth. Using a computational approach, this study explored the prospect of harnessing the properties of a disulfide isomerase protein of L. donovani amastigotses to develop a multi-epitope subunit vaccine candidate against the parasite. We designed a 248-amino acid multi-epitope vaccine with a predicted antigenicity probability of 0.897372. Analyses of immunogenicity, allergenicity, and multiple physiochemical parameters indicated that the constructed vaccine candidate was stable, non-allergenic, and immunogenic, making it compatible with humans and hence, a potentially viable and safe vaccine candidate against Leishmania spp. Parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T04:07:07Z","timestamp":1663906027000},"page":"1598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Immunoinformatics Studies and Design of a Potential Multi-Epitope Peptide Vaccine to Combat the Fatal Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6649-4857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olugbenga Samson","family":"Onile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin 340271, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0216-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fungai","family":"Musaigwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nimibofa","family":"Ayawei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa 560001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1973-0882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Omoboyede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences (SLS), Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure 340110, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tolulope Adelonpe","family":"Onile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin 340271, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyarefe","family":"Oghenevovwero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin 340271, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0879-344X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael Taiwo","family":"Aruleba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aruleba, R.T., Carter, K., Brombacher, F., and Hurdayal, R. (2020). Can we harness immune responses to improve drug treatment in leishmaniasis?. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071069"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2022, May 11). Leishmaniasis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leishmaniasis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2019.01.002","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: A neglected disfiguring disease for women","volume":"5","author":"Murrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017002116","article-title":"Chemotherapeutics of visceral leishmaniasis: Present and future developments","volume":"145","author":"Sundar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03610.x","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: Immunology and prospects for a vaccine","volume":"17","author":"Kaye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e304","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30140-2","article-title":"Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00623-0","article-title":"The global value of vaccination","volume":"21","author":"Ehreth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1606","article-title":"Driven to extinction","volume":"319","author":"Normile","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-3611-1.50006-4","article-title":"Vaccine immunology","volume":"5","author":"Siegrist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"lqaa048","DOI":"10.1093\/nargab\/lqaa048","article-title":"Development of multiepitope subunit protein vaccines against toxoplasma gondii using an immunoinformatics approach","volume":"2","author":"Onile","year":"2020","journal-title":"NAR Genom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adekiya, T.A., Aruleba, R.T., Khanyile, S., Masamba, P., Oyinloye, B.E., and Kappo, A.P. (2017). Structural analysis and epitope prediction of MHC class-1-chain related protein-a for cancer vaccine development. Vaccines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6010001"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08842-w","article-title":"Exploring Leishmania secretory proteins to design B and T cell multi-epitope subunit vaccine using immunoinformatics approach","volume":"7","author":"Khatoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2021.100764","article-title":"Designing multi-epitope subunit vaccine for ocular trachoma infection using chlamydia trachomatis polymorphic membrane proteins G","volume":"26","author":"Ezediuno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inform. Med. Unlocked"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"737125","article-title":"Toll-like receptor initiated host defense against toxoplasma gondii","volume":"2010","author":"Denkers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siegrist, C.-A. (2018). Vaccine Immunology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-35761-6.00002-X"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19456-1","article-title":"Novel immunoinformatics approaches to design multi-epitope subunit vaccine for malaria by investigating anopheles salivary protein","volume":"8","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3360","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700893","article-title":"NetMHCpan-4.0: Improved peptide\u2013MHC class I interaction predictions integrating eluted ligand and peptide binding affinity data","volume":"199","author":"Jurtz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2680160","article-title":"Fundamentals and methods for T-and B-cell epitope prediction","volume":"2017","author":"Reche","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.21078","article-title":"Prediction of continuous B-cell epitopes in an antigen using recurrent neural network","volume":"65","author":"Saha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proteins Struct. Funct. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40833-x","article-title":"In-silico design of a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against onchocerciasis and related filarial diseases","volume":"9","author":"Shey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00316","article-title":"A comparative review of toll-like receptor 4 expression and functionality in different animal species","volume":"5","author":"Vaure","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt619","article-title":"AllergenFP: Allergenicity prediction by descriptor fingerprints","volume":"30","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasteiger, E., Hoogland, C., Gattiker, A., Wilkins, M.R., Appel, R.D., and Bairoch, A. (2005). Protein identification and analysis tools on the ExPASy server. Proteom. Protoc. Handb., 571\u2013607.","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-890-0:571"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.085","article-title":"Template-based protein structure modeling using the RaptorX web server","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W430","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw306","article-title":"RaptorX-property: A web server for protein structure property prediction","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W384","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt458","article-title":"GalaxyRefine: Protein structure refinement driven by side-chain repacking","volume":"41","author":"Heo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W294","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks493","article-title":"GalaxyWEB server for protein structure prediction and refinement","volume":"40","author":"Ko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.24377","article-title":"Evaluation of predictions in the CASP10 model refinement category","volume":"82","author":"Nugent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proteins Struct. Funct. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2012.687526","article-title":"Protein structure prediction: Challenging targets for CASP10","volume":"30","author":"Runthala","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889892009944","article-title":"PROCHECK: A program to check the stereochemical quality of protein structures","volume":"26","author":"Laskowski","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W407","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm290","article-title":"ProSA-web: Interactive web service for the recognition of errors in three-dimensional structures of proteins","volume":"35","author":"Wiederstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-019-0227-2","article-title":"Toll-like receptors activation, signaling, and targeting: An overview","volume":"43","author":"Sibaii","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01090-07","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and leishmaniasis","volume":"76","author":"Tuon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.169","article-title":"The ClusPro web server for protein\u2013protein docking","volume":"12","author":"Kozakov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W363","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki481","article-title":"PatchDock and SymmDock: Servers for rigid and symmetric docking","volume":"33","author":"Inbar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.21495","article-title":"FireDock: Fast interaction refinement in molecular docking","volume":"69","author":"Andrusier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proteins Struct. Funct. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W271","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku339","article-title":"iMODS: Internal coordinates normal mode analysis server","volume":"42","author":"Aliaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.10.2409-2415.1987","article-title":"Protective secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies in humans following oral immunization with Streptococcus mutans","volume":"55","author":"Gregory","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)02911-3","article-title":"Protein disulfide isomerase of toxoplasma gondii is targeted by mucosal IgA antibodies in humans","volume":"522","author":"Meek","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200600725","article-title":"Proteomic approach for identification and characterization of novel immunostimulatory proteins from soluble antigens of leishmania donovani promastigotes","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Cruse, J.M., and Lewis, R.E. (2013). Atlas of Immunology, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00630","article-title":"Plasticity of human CD4 T cell subsets","volume":"5","author":"Geginat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines2020323","article-title":"Immune adjuvant effect of molecularly-defined toll-like receptor ligands","volume":"2","author":"Toussi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.06.015","article-title":"Effect of linker length and residues on the structure and stability of a fusion protein with malaria vaccine application","volume":"76","author":"Shamriz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.039","article-title":"Fusion protein linkers: Property, design and functionality","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01784","article-title":"Contriving multi-epitope subunit of vaccine for COVID-19: Immunoinformatics approaches","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2018.01.006","article-title":"Quantification of a recombinant antigen in an immuno-stimulatory whole yeast cell-based therapeutic vaccine","volume":"545","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630015530","article-title":"A combined view of B-cell epitope features in antigens","volume":"15","author":"Zobayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8795","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8795","article-title":"An immunoinformatics approach for the design of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine for urogenital schistosomiasis","volume":"8","author":"Onile","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"e00581","article-title":"Insights into functional amino acids of ULBP2 as potential immunogens against cancer","volume":"10","author":"Aruleba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aruleba, R.T., Adekiya, T.A., Oyinloye, B.E., and Kappo, A.P. (2018). Structural studies of predicted ligand binding sites and molecular docking analysis of Slc2a4 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020386"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytox.2020.100043","article-title":"Unravelling the unsolved paradoxes of cytokine families in host resistance and susceptibility to leishmania infection","volume":"2","author":"Osero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine X"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2020.100438","article-title":"Exploration of surface glycoprotein to design multi-epitope vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Oladipo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inform. Med. Unlocked"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1847197","article-title":"Inhibitory potential of repurposed drugs against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease: A computational-aided approach","volume":"40","author":"Fadaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brito, R.C.F.D., Ruiz, J.C., Cardoso, J.M.D.O., Ostolin, T.L.V.D.P., Reis, L.E.S., Mathias, F.A.S., Aguiar-Soares, R.D.D.O., Roatt, B.M., Corr\u00eaa-Oliveira, R., and Resende, D.D.M. (2020). Chimeric vaccines designed by immunoinformatics-activated polyfunctional and memory T cells that trigger protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020252"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.125","article-title":"Immunoinformatics-aided design of a potential multi-epitope peptide vaccine against Leishmania infantum","volume":"120","author":"Vakili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104435","article-title":"Enhancing immune responses by a novel multi-epitope ROP8 DNA vaccine plus interleukin-12 plasmid as a genetic adjuvant against acute toxoplasma gondii infection in BALB\/c mice","volume":"147","author":"Foroutan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wu, W., Negre, N.N., White, K.P., Li, C., and Shah, P.K. (2011). Determinants of antigenicity and specificity in immune response for protein sequences. BMC Bioinform., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-251"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.07.001","article-title":"T cell epitope: Friend or foe? Immunogenicity of biologics in context","volume":"61","author":"Weber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00156","article-title":"Interferon gamma in leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Kima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00670","article-title":"Cytokines: Key determinants of resistance or disease progression in visceral leishmaniasis: Opportunities for novel diagnostics and immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Dayakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2014.01.018","article-title":"A novel multi-epitope peptide vaccine against cancer: An in silico approach","volume":"349","author":"Nezafat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.10.002","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvants: Putting innate immunity to work","volume":"33","author":"Coffman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90516-8","article-title":"The toll gene of drosophila, required for dorsal-ventral embryonic polarity, appears to encode a transmembrane protein","volume":"52","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.08.002","article-title":"Crystal structure of the TLR4-MD-2 complex with bound endotoxin antagonist eritoran","volume":"130","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2079","article-title":"The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"7","author":"Bowie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"e00804","article-title":"In silico prediction of new antimicrobial peptides and proteins as druggable targets towards alternative anti-schistosomal therapy","volume":"12","author":"Aruleba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104488","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii ROP38 protein: Bioinformatics analysis for vaccine design improvement against toxoplasmosis","volume":"149","author":"Nosrati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/10\/10\/1598\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:37:49Z","timestamp":1760143069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/10\/10\/1598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines10101598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10101598","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]}}}