{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T20:13:58Z","timestamp":1793909638005,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["20fk0310103h1905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20fk0310103h1905"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Four decades have passed since the first usage of the therapeutic vaccine in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). However, there is no approved regimen of vaccine therapy for the treatment of CHB. This is mainly attributable to faulty conception, an improper understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CHB, and the impaired design of vaccine therapy for CHB. With the advent of new techniques and a better understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the genesis of CHB, the limitations and failures of previous regimens of therapeutic vaccines have been primarily understood. Additionally, the importance of immune therapy for treating millions of CHB patients and achieving the target of \u201cElimination of Hepatitis by 2030\u201d has been focused on in the international arena. This has been amplified by the apparent limitation of commercially available antiviral drugs that are infinite in duration, endowed with safety concerns, and unable to cure liver damage due to their minimal immune modulation capacities. The proposed review article comprehensively discusses each of these points and proposes evidence-based approaches for viable types of vaccine therapy for the treatment of CHB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T06:13:27Z","timestamp":1665468807000},"page":"1644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Development of Therapeutic Vaccine for Chronic Hepatitis B: Concept, Cellular and Molecular Events, Design, Limitation, and Future Projection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4537-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheikh","family":"Akbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamun","family":"Mahtab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Hepatology Division, Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5734-0899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakirul","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4117-339X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoichi","family":"Hiasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-018-0379-y","article-title":"Significance and management of isolated hepatitis B core antibody (Anti-HBc) in HIV and HCV: Strategies in the DAA Era","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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