{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:32:22Z","timestamp":1789061542180,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The family members of Arenaviridae include members of the genus Machupo virus, which have bi-segmented negative sense RNA inside the envelope and can be transferred to humans through rodent carriers. Machupo virus, a member of the mammarenavirus genus, causes Bolivian hemorrhage fever, its viral nucleocapsid protein being a significant virulence factor. Currently, no treatment is available for Bolivian hemorrhage fever and work to develop a protective as well as post-diagnosis treatment is underway. Adding to these efforts, this study employed a reverse-vaccinology approach to design a vaccine with B and T-cell epitopes of the viral nucleocapsid protein of the Machupo virus. Five B-cell specific, eight MHC-I restricted, and 14 MHC-II restricted epitopes were finalized for the construct based on an antigenicity score of &gt;0.5 and non-allergenicity as a key characteristic. The poly-histidine tag was used to construct an immunogenic and stable vaccine construct and 50S ribosomal 46 protein L7\/L12 adjuvant with linkers (EAAAK, GPGPG, and AYY). It covers 99.99% of the world\u2019s population, making it highly efficient. The physicochemical properties like the aliphatic index (118.31) and the GRAVY index (0.302) showed that the vaccine is easily soluble. The overall Ramachandran score of the construct was 90.7%, and the instability index was 35.13, endorsing a stable structure. The immune simulations demonstrated a long-lasting antibody response even after the excretion of the antigen from the body in the first 5 days of injection. The IgM + IgG titers were predicted to rise to 6000 10 days post-injection and were illustrated to be stable (around 3000) after a month, elucidating that the vaccine would be effective and provide enduring protection. Lastly, the molecular interaction between the construct and the IKBKE receptor was significant and a higher eigenfactor value in MD simulations confirmed the stable molecular interaction between the receptor and the vaccine, validating our construct.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:31:01Z","timestamp":1666053061000},"page":"1732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Immunoinformatics Approach to Design Multi-Epitope-Based Vaccine against Machupo Virus Taking Viral Nucleocapsid as a Potential Candidate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4333-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Naveed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Izma","family":"Makhdoom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6640-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urooj","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khizra","family":"Jabeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9274-2620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayaz Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumbal","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6565-1777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Health and Life Sciences Building, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metab","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-101416-042001","article-title":"New World Arenavirus Biology","volume":"29","author":"Sarute","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.102001","article-title":"Bolivian hemorrhagic fever: A narrative review","volume":"40","author":"Calixto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. 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