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Identifying modifiable factors that influence these side effects may increase the number of people vaccinated. In this observational study, data were from individuals who received an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine between December 2020 and April 2021 and responded to at least one post-vaccination symptoms survey that was sent daily for three days after each vaccination. We excluded those with a COVID-19 diagnosis or positive SARS-CoV2 test within one week after their vaccination because of the overlap of symptoms. We used machine learning techniques to analyze the data after the first vaccination. Data from 50,484 individuals (73% female, 18 to 95 years old) were included in the primary analysis. Demographics, history of an epinephrine autoinjector prescription, allergy history category (e.g., food, vaccine, medication, insect sting, seasonal), prior COVID-19 diagnosis or positive test, and vaccine manufacturer were identified as factors associated with allergic and non-allergic side effects; vaccination time 6:00\u201310:59 was associated with more non-allergic side effects. Randomized controlled trials should be conducted to quantify the relative effect of modifiable factors, such as time of vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T22:19:53Z","timestamp":1666217993000},"page":"1747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Identifying Modifiable Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects: A Machine Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8294-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Abbaspour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7545-5817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory K.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4773-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly G.","family":"Blumenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"The Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Occupational Health Services, MassGeneralBrigham, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9724-5634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Hopcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Health Services, MassGeneralBrigham, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5677-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shibani S.","family":"Mukerji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8086-1123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica S.","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Infection Control Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7402-3171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Klerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, August 01). 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