{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:25:09Z","timestamp":1760232309738,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Military Infectious Disease Research Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The onset of an adaptive immune response provides the signals required for differentiation of antigen-specific lymphocytes into effector cells and imprinting of these cells for re-circulation to the most appropriate anatomical site (i.e., homing). Lymphocyte homing is governed by the expression of tissue-specific lymphocyte homing receptors that bind to unique tissue-specific ligands on endothelial cells. In this study, a whole-parasite malaria vaccine (radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS)) was used as a model system to establish homing receptor signatures induced by the parasite delivered through mosquito bite to provide a benchmark of desirable homing receptors for malaria vaccine developers. This immunization regimen resulted in the priming of antigen-specific B cells and CD8+ T cells for homing primarily to the skin and T\/B cell compartments of secondary lymphoid organs. Infection with live sporozoites, however, triggers the upregulation of homing receptor for the liver and the skin, demonstrating that there is a difference in the signal provided by attenuated vs. live sporozoites. This is the first report on imprinting of homing routes by Plasmodium sporozoites and, surprisingly, it also points to additional, yet to be identified, signals provided by live parasites that prime lymphocytes for homing to the liver. The data also demonstrate the utility of this method for assessing the potential of vaccine formulations to direct antigen-specific lymphocytes to the most relevant anatomical site, thus potentially impacting vaccine efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T11:53:55Z","timestamp":1666612435000},"page":"1768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Differential Homing Receptor Profiles of Lymphocytes Induced by Attenuated versus Live Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Mura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Core, Biologics Research & Development, WRAIR\u2014Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"Immunopathology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, IRBA\u2014Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny-sur-Orge, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanmaya","family":"Atre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Core, Biologics Research & Development, WRAIR\u2014Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"Experimental Medicine, BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatyana","family":"Savransky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Entomology, WRAIR\u2014Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8571-8956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elke S.","family":"Bergmann-Leitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Core, Biologics Research & Development, WRAIR\u2014Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.12294","article-title":"Lymphocyte \u2018Homing\u2019 and Chronic Inflammation","volume":"65","author":"Sakai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathol. 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