{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:03:10Z","timestamp":1764784990238,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["2019-NI-078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-NI-078"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a fatal acute viral respiratory disease caused by MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. To date, no vaccine has been approved for MERS-CoV despite continuing outbreaks. Inactivated vaccines are a viable option when developed using the appropriate inactivation methods and adjuvants. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective effects of MERS-CoV vaccine candidates inactivated by three different chemical agents. MERS-CoV was effectively inactivated by formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and binary ethylene imine and induced humoral and cellular immunity in mice. Although inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the lungs four days after the challenge, the immunized hDPP4-transgenic mouse group showed 100% protection against a challenge with MERS-CoV (100 LD50). In particular, the immune response was highly stimulated by MERS-CoV inactivated with formaldehyde, and all mice survived a challenge with the minimum dose. In the adjuvant comparison test, the group immunized with inactivated MERS-CoV and AddaVax had a higher immune response than the group immunized with aluminum potassium sulfate (alum). In conclusion, our study indicates that the three methods of MERS-CoV inactivation are highly immunogenic and protective in mice and show strong potential as vaccine candidates when used with an appropriate adjuvant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T06:49:02Z","timestamp":1667371742000},"page":"1843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparing the Immunogenicity and Protective Effects of Three MERS-CoV Inactivation Methods in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nayoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emerging Virus & Vector Research, Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tae-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9430-8123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hansaem","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emerging Virus & Vector Research, Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Sun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emerging Virus & Vector Research, Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Chang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emerging Virus & Vector Research, Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joo-Yeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2316-2163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Joo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emerging Virus & Vector Research, Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","article-title":"Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia","volume":"367","author":"Zaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. 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