{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:47:53Z","timestamp":1790401673118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TUBITAK 1001, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey","award":["119Z409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["119Z409"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Host cell-free, axenic development of liver stages (LS) of the malaria parasite has been demonstrated. Here we explored axenic liver stages as a novel live whole parasite malaria vaccine platform, which is unaltered and not prone to human-error, compared to the immunization with live-attenuated sporozoites that must be done intravenously. We show that in contrast to live sporozoites, axenic LS are not infectious to the immunized host. Subcutaneous immunizations of mice with Plasmodium yoelii axenic LS, developed from wild-type (WT) sporozoites or WT sporozoites expressing enhanced-GFP, conferred sterile protection against P. yoelii infectious sporozoite challenge. Thus, axenic liver stages of P. falciparum and P. vivax might constitute an attractive alternative to live sporozoite immunization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T10:54:40Z","timestamp":1667904880000},"page":"1884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Subcutaneous Immunization with Unaltered Axenic Malaria Parasite Liver Stages Induces Sterile Protection against Infectious Sporozoite Challenge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mohd","family":"Kamil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aly Lab., Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34820, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gozde","family":"Deveci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aly Lab., Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34820, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2872-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umit Y.","family":"Kina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aly Lab., Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34820, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan H. I.","family":"Kappe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue N. Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S. I.","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aly Lab., Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34820, Turkey"},{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane 53000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00259-3","article-title":"Malaria vaccine research & innovation: The intersection of IA2030 and zero malaria","volume":"5","author":"Kaslow","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2022, August 06). World Malaria Report 2020. 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