{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:28:08Z","timestamp":1791919688984,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer is a chronic disease, and it can be lethal due to limited therapeutic options. The conventional treatment options for cancer have numerous challenges, such as a low blood circulation time as well as poor solubility of anticancer drugs. Therapeutic cancer vaccines emerged to try to improve anticancer drugs\u2019 efficiency and to deliver them to the target site. Cancer vaccines are considered a viable therapeutic technique for most solid tumors. Vaccines boost antitumor immunity by delivering tumor antigens, nucleic acids, entire cells, and peptides. Cancer vaccines are designed to induce long-term antitumor memory, causing tumor regression, eradicate minimal residual illness, and prevent non-specific or unpleasant effects. These vaccines can assist in the elimination of cancer cells from various organs or organ systems in the body, with minimal risk of tumor recurrence or metastasis. Vaccines and antigens for anticancer therapy are discussed in this review, including current vaccine adjuvants and mechanisms of action for various types of vaccines, such as DNA- or mRNA-based cancer vaccines. Potential applications of these vaccines focusing on their clinical use for better therapeutic efficacy are also discussed along with the latest research available in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T04:01:33Z","timestamp":1669608093000},"page":"2011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Recent Advances in Cancer Vaccines: Challenges, Achievements, and Futuristic Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8503-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhu","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, 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110017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Raina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3277-6896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Kaurav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, KIET Group of Institutions Delhi-NCR, Meerut Road (NH-58), Ghaziabad 201206, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaydeep","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia M.","family":"Rodrigues Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7007-0774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karma G.","family":"Dolma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok 737102, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6090-2407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alok K.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6703-7869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"de Lourdes Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2730-7788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polrat","family":"Wilairatana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0216-7977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Rahmatullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veeranoot","family":"Nissapatorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2148","article-title":"Therapeutic Bacteria to Combat Cancer; Current Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Sedighi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.02.75","article-title":"Cancer Prevention from the Perspective of Global Cancer Burden 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