{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T19:39:29Z","timestamp":1778787569070,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]],"date-time":"2022-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is an increasing number of liver injury cases resembling autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination; however, an association has not yet been established. Methods\/Materials: A literature review was performed to identify articles regarding the association of AIH with vaccination, emphasizing on SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and the proposed mechanisms. We then performed a literature search for AIH-like cases following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and we evaluated the included cases for AIH diagnosis using simplified diagnostic criteria (SDC), and for vaccination causality using the Naranjo score for adverse drug reactions. Results: We identified 51 AIH-like cases following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Forty cases (80%) were characterized as \u201cprobable\u201d, \u201cat least probable\u201d, or \u201cdefinite\u201d for AIH diagnosis according to SDC. Forty cases (78.4%) were characterized as \u201cprobable\u201d, four (7.8%) as \u201cpossible\u201d, and three (5.8%) as \u201cdefinite\u201d for vaccine-related AIH according to the Naranjo score. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-related AIH carries several phenotypes and, although most cases resolve, immunosuppressive therapy seems to be necessary. Early diagnosis is mandatory and should be considered in any patient with acute or chronic hepatitis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, especially in those with pre-existing liver disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T03:38:38Z","timestamp":1670211518000},"page":"2073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Vaccine-Related Autoimmune Hepatitis: Emerging Association with SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination or Coincidence?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3706-9995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis P.","family":"Trontzas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine, \u2018SOTIRIA\u2019 General Hospital of Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8986-2704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos G.","family":"Kyriakoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine, \u2018SOTIRIA\u2019 General Hospital of Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1772-5986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis A.","family":"Vathiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine, \u2018SOTIRIA\u2019 General Hospital of Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Syrigos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine, \u2018SOTIRIA\u2019 General Hospital of Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Kounadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine, \u2018SOTIRIA\u2019 General Hospital of Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Siasiakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine, \u2018SOTIRIA\u2019 General Hospital of Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garyphalia","family":"Poulakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine, \u2018SOTIRIA\u2019 General Hospital of Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FDA (2022, September 28). Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01516-2","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak: History, mechanism, transmission, structural studies and therapeutics","volume":"49","author":"Yesudhas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2022.2114900","article-title":"COVID-19 and vaccination: Myths vs. science","volume":"21","author":"Chavda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2022, September 28). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations. Available online: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/covid-vaccinations."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15072","article-title":"Surveillance for Adverse Events After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination","volume":"326","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2022, September 28). CDC Selected Adverse Events Reported after COVID-19 Vaccination, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/vaccines\/safety\/adverse-events.html."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2022, September 28). Coronavirus Vaccine-Summary of Yellow Card Reporting, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/coronavirus-covid-19-vaccine-adverse-reactions\/coronavirus-vaccine-summary-of-yellow-card-reporting."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18017","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.17","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"4","author":"Vergani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23588","article-title":"Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis: Clinical characteristics and prognosis","volume":"51","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.002","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis type 2 following anti-papillomavirus vaccination in a 11-year-old girl","volume":"29","author":"Carlucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1233537","article-title":"Vaccination as a triggering event for autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"29","author":"Perumalswami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2019.02.007","article-title":"Development of autoimmune hepatitis after influenza vaccination; trigger or killer?","volume":"43","author":"Muratori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11621","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011621","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis following influenza virus vaccination: Two case reports","volume":"97","author":"Sasaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i15.2238","article-title":"Hepatitis A vaccine associated with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"13","author":"Berry","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2016.1224379","article-title":"Vaccine-related autoimmune hepatitis: The same disease as idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis? Two clinical reports and review","volume":"52","author":"Doukas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4114","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i26.4114","article-title":"Acute exacerbation of autoimmune hepatitis induced by Twinrix","volume":"11","author":"Csepregi","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5084","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis-is histology conclusive?","volume":"9","author":"Beer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14081","article-title":"Racial disparities in presentation and outcomes of paediatric autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"39","author":"Palle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20732","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis: Effect of symptoms and cirrhosis on natural history and outcome","volume":"42","author":"Feld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2019.01.015","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and causes of death of patients with autoimmune hepatitis: A nationwide register-based cohort study in Finland","volume":"51","author":"Puustinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2018.79.3.151","article-title":"Current and future perspectives in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"79","author":"Theocharidou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.07.005","article-title":"Cutting edge issues in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"75","author":"Liberal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80297-9","article-title":"International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group Report: Review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"31","author":"Alvarez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22322","article-title":"Simplified criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"48","author":"Hennes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (2015). EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Autoimmune hepatitis. J. Hepatol., 63, 971\u20131004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.06.030"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31065","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis in Adults and Children: 2019 Practice Guidance and Guidelines From the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"72","author":"Mack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.02.024","article-title":"Drug induced liver injury and its relationship to autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"55","author":"Schramm","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07504-w","article-title":"Autoimmune Hepatitis-Like Syndrome Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"67","author":"Chow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1979","article-title":"Immune-mediated liver injury following COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Roy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhumaid, S., Al Mutair, A., Rabaan, A.A., FM, A.L., Choudhary, O.P., Yong, S.J., Nainu, F., Khan, A., Muhammad, J., and Alhelal, F. (2022). New-onset and relapsed liver diseases following COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02507-3"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"WHO (2022, September 28). VigiAccess, SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Reported Potential Side Affects. Available online: https:\/\/vigiaccess.org."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(02)00018-1","article-title":"Pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"6","author":"Vergani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-8859(00)00234-2","article-title":"Analysis of HLA haplotypes in autoimmune hepatitis type 1: Identifying the major susceptibility locus","volume":"62","author":"Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930108994106","article-title":"Immunoreactivity to various human cytochrome P450 proteins of sera from patients with autoimmune hepatitis, chronic hepatitis B, and chronic hepatitis C","volume":"33","author":"Miyakawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91332-3","article-title":"Anti-GOR and hepatitis C virus in autoimmune liver diseases","volume":"339","author":"Michel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160304","article-title":"Liver\/kidney microsome antibody type 1 and hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"16","author":"Lunel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.10.005","article-title":"Liver antigen-presenting cells","volume":"54","author":"Crispe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24508","article-title":"Cross-presentation of antigen by diverse subsets of murine liver cells","volume":"54","author":"Ebrahimkhani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108426","article-title":"On the molecular determinants of the SARS-CoV-2 attack","volume":"215","author":"Kanduc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102597","article-title":"Covid-19 and autoimmunity","volume":"19","author":"Ehrenfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108480","article-title":"Potential antigenic cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and human tissue with a possible link to an increase in autoimmune diseases","volume":"217","author":"Vojdani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2010.07.003","article-title":"\u2018ASIA\u2019-autoimmune\/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants","volume":"36","author":"Shoenfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.196","article-title":"Vaccines and autoimmunity","volume":"5","author":"Paz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108665","article-title":"Do COVID-19 RNA-based vaccines put at risk of immune-mediated diseases? In reply to \u201cpotential antigenic cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and human tissue with a possible link to an increase in autoimmune diseases\u201d","volume":"224","author":"Talotta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"AstraZeneca, C.-V. (2021). Summary of Product Characteristis (SPC)."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15044","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by COVID-19: A report of two cases","volume":"41","author":"Kabacam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102506","article-title":"Autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions at the crossroad of COVID-19","volume":"114","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.03.040","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccination can elicit a CD8 T-cell dominant hepatitis","volume":"77","author":"Boettler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2001.00852.x","article-title":"Epitope spreading: Protection from pathogens, but propagation of autoimmunity?","volume":"26","author":"Powell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.11.001","article-title":"B cell epitope spreading: Mechanisms and contribution to autoimmune diseas","volume":"163","author":"Cornaby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108721","article-title":"Covid-19 vaccine and autoimmunity: Awakening the sleeping dragon","volume":"226","author":"Akinosoglou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102874","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"132","author":"Izagirre","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2021.10.002","article-title":"Probable autoimmune hepatitis reactivated after COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"45","author":"Torrente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6066","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.6066","article-title":"Fulminant hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report","volume":"10","author":"Barary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00811","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000000811","article-title":"Autoimmune Hepatitis Triggered by COVID-19 Vaccine: The First Case From Inactivated Vaccine","volume":"9","author":"Mekritthikrai","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"e25339","article-title":"Recurrence of AutoimmuneHepatitisAfter COVID-19Vaccination","volume":"14","author":"Brubaker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15350","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) following coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine-No longer exclusive to mRNA vaccine?","volume":"42","author":"Shahrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-022-01654-0","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis with history of HCV treatment triggered by COVID-19 vaccination: Case report and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2021-0342","article-title":"Development of hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patient with cancer during immunotherapy: A case report","volume":"14","author":"Lasagna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"goac014","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goac014","article-title":"Acute hepatitis with autoimmune features after COVID-19 vaccine: Coincidence or vaccine-induced phenomenon?","volume":"10","author":"Andrade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2022.37.e116","article-title":"Autoimmune Hepatitis Following Vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 in Korea: Coincidence or Autoimmunity?","volume":"37","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2022.106926","article-title":"Drug-induced hepatitis after Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccination: A case study of a 62-year-old patient","volume":"93","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15224","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis or drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis following Covid-19 vaccination?","volume":"42","author":"Fimiano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2022.100140","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine and autoimmunity. A new case of autoimmune hepatitis and review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2021.101841","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis developing after COVID 19 vaccine: Presumed guilty?","volume":"46","author":"Erard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32280","article-title":"Letter to the editor: Autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: Need for population-based epidemiological study","volume":"75","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32269","article-title":"Letter to the editor: Exacerbation of autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"75","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102745","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: New-onset or flare-up?","volume":"125","author":"Avci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102741","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccine-more than a coincidence","volume":"125","author":"Garrido","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32156","article-title":"Letter to the editor: Autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination: A rare adverse effect?","volume":"75","author":"Palla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.08.006","article-title":"New-onset autoimmune hepatitis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in a 36-year-old woman with primary sclerosing cholangitis-should we be more vigilant?","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102706","article-title":"Acute autoimmune-like hepatitis with atypical anti-mitochondrial antibody after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination: A novel clinical entity?","volume":"123","author":"Ghielmetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.06.044","article-title":"The mRNA COVID-19 vaccine-A rare trigger of autoimmune hepatitis?","volume":"75","author":"McShane","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.06.014","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis developing after the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) vaccine","volume":"75","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.06.009","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: True causality or mere association?","volume":"75","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.05.038","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis following SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: May not be a casuality","volume":"75","author":"Rocco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.04.003","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis developing after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine: Causality or casualty?","volume":"75","author":"Bril","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15092","article-title":"A typical autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) case following Covid-19 mRNA vaccination. More than a coincidence?","volume":"42","author":"Goulas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.07.005","article-title":"An unusual case of acute cholestatic hepatitis after m-RNABNT162b2 (Comirnaty) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: Coincidence, autoimmunity or drug-related liver injury","volume":"75","author":"Lodato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.06.004","article-title":"Another case of autoimmune hepatitis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-still casualty?","volume":"75","author":"Londono","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102688","article-title":"Auto-immune hepatitis following COVID vaccination","volume":"123","author":"Rela","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.031","article-title":"Immune-mediated hepatitis with the Moderna vaccine, no longer a coincidence but confirmed","volume":"76","author":"Gleeson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102710","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination","volume":"123","author":"Montani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathew, M., John, S.B., Sebastian, J., and Ravi, M.D. (2022). COVID-19 vaccine triggered autoimmune hepatitis: Case report. Eur. J. Hosp. Pharm., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1136\/ejhpharm-2022-003485"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferronato, M.L.M., and Muratori, L. (2022). Liver injury with autoimmune features after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: The verdict is still open. Eur. J. Intern. Med., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.09.029"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"567","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, a new autoimmune hepatitis trigger?","volume":"114","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enferm Dig."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2022.101600","article-title":"First report of post-transplant autoimmune hepatitis recurrence following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination","volume":"72","author":"Mahalingham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.06.029","article-title":"Immune-mediated liver injury represented as overlap syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32572","article-title":"Liver injury after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: Features of immune-mediated hepatitis, role of corticosteroid therapy and outcome","volume":"76","author":"Efe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.07.024","article-title":"Liver injury following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A multicenter case series","volume":"76","author":"Shroff","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.01.093","article-title":"Clinical features of patients with new onset of autoimmune hepatitis following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination","volume":"54","author":"Rigamonti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.03.041","article-title":"Severe de novo liver injury after Moderna vaccination-not always autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"77","author":"Nyein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22513","article-title":"Performance parameters of the diagnostic scoring systems for autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"48","author":"Czaja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmedc.2009.01.004","article-title":"Algorithms for assessing the probability of an Adverse Drug Reaction","volume":"2","author":"Doherty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Med. CME"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00853","article-title":"Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method for Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Present and Future","volume":"10","author":"Danan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1981.154","article-title":"A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions","volume":"30","author":"Naranjo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03655.x","article-title":"Evaluation of naranjo adverse drug reactions probability scale in causality assessment of drug-induced liver injury","volume":"27","author":"Lucena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v6.i4.160","article-title":"Drug-induced autoimmune liver disease: A diagnostic dilemma of an increasingly reported disease","volume":"6","author":"Castiella","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(02)00025-9","article-title":"Immune-mediated drug-induced liver disease","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"73","article-title":"Drug-induced Liver Injury","volume":"6","author":"David","year":"2010","journal-title":"US Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1786-8","article-title":"Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis: A case of chronic course after drug withdrawal","volume":"56","author":"Diebold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1787-7","article-title":"Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis: A diagnostic challenge","volume":"56","author":"Castiella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00760","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000000760","article-title":"Severe Hepatocellular Liver Injury After COVID-19 Vaccination Without Autoimmune Hepatitis Features: A Case Serires","volume":"9","author":"Hoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"AASLD (2022, October 20). Expert Panel Consensus Statement: Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19 in Patients with Liver Disease. Available online: https:\/\/www.aasld.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-07\/AASLD%20COVID-19%20Vaccine%20Document%20Update%203.28.2022%20FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zmievskaya, E., Valiullina, A., Ganeeva, I., Petukhov, A., Rizvanov, A., and Bulatov, E. (2021). Application of CAR-T Cell Therapy beyond Oncology: Autoimmune Diseases and Viral Infections. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9010059"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/10\/12\/2073\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:33:50Z","timestamp":1760146430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/10\/12\/2073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines10122073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10122073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]]}}}