{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:30:48Z","timestamp":1774974648882,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biothermodynamics of viruses is among the youngest but most rapidly developing scientific disciplines. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it closely followed the results published by molecular biologists. Empirical formulas were published for 50 viruses and thermodynamic properties for multiple viruses and virus variants, including all variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Ebola virus, Vaccinia and Monkeypox virus. A review of the development of biothermodynamics of viruses during the last several decades and intense development during the last 3 years is described in this paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T03:02:37Z","timestamp":1670814157000},"page":"2112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Biothermodynamics of Viruses from Absolute Zero (1950) to Virothermodynamics (2022)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0934-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Popovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Carnot, L. (1786). Essai sur les Machines en G\u00e9n\u00e9ral, De l\u2019Imprimerie de Defay. English translation: \u201cEssay on machines in general\u201d."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Carnot, L. (1803). Principes Fondamentaux de l\u2019Equilibre et du Movement, De l\u2019Imprimerie de Crapelet. English translation: \u201cFundamental principles of equilibrium and movement\u201d."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Carnot, S. (1824). R\u00e9flexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur les Machines Propres \u00e0 D\u00e9velopper Cette Puissance, Bachelier. English translation: \u201cReflections on the motive power of fire and on machines fitted to develop that power\u201d."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, I. (2010). A History of Thermodynamics: The Doctrine of Energy and Entropy, Springer."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Lavoisier, A.L., and Marquis de Laplace, P.S. (1783). M\u00e9moire sur la Chaleur: L\u00fb \u00e0 l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie Royale des Sciences, le 28 Juin 1783, De l\u2019Imprimerie Royale. English translation: \u201cMemoir on Heat Read to the Royal Academy of Sciences, 28 June 1783\u201d."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1994.tb00646.x","article-title":"Memoir on heat read to the royal academy of sciences, 28 June 1783","volume":"2","author":"Lavoisier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"McGuinnes, B. (1974). The second law of thermodynamics. Theoretical Physics and Philosophical Problems, D. Riedel Publishing Company, LLC. Translation of the Original Version Published in 1886."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Clausius, R. (1867). The Mechanical Theory of Heat\u2014With its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies, John van Voorst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/14786447008640370","article-title":"On a Mechanical Theorem Applicable to Heat","volume":"40","author":"Clausius","year":"1870","journal-title":"Philos. Mag. Ser."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Kestin, J. (1976). On different forms of the fundamental equations of the mechanical theory of heat and their convenience for application. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Dowen, Hutchingson and Ross, Inc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1126\/science.111.2872.23","article-title":"The theory of open systems in physics and biology","volume":"111","year":"1950","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6dinger, E. (1944). What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Morowitz, H.J. (1992). Beginnings of Cellular Life: Metabolism Recapitulates Biogenesis, Yale University Press."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Morowitz, H.J. (2022, December 07). Energy Flow in Biology: Biological Organization as a Problem in Thermal Physics, Available online: https:\/\/lccn.loc.gov\/67031041."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02477985","article-title":"Some order-disorder considerations in living systems","volume":"17","author":"Morowitz","year":"1955","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(99)00074-4","article-title":"Does microbial life always feed on negative entropy? Thermodynamic analysis of microbial growth","volume":"1412","author":"Liu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Stockar, U. (2013). Live cells as open non-equilibrium systems. Biothermodynamics: The Role of Thermodynamics in Biochemical Engineering, EPFL Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b15428"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Stockar, U. (2013). Biothermodynamics of live cells: Energy dissipation and heat generation in cellular structures. Biothermodynamics: The Role of Thermodynamics in Biochemical Engineering, EPFL Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b15428"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2005.08.012","article-title":"Thermodynamics of microbial growth and metabolism: An analysis of the current situation","volume":"121","author":"Maskow","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"757","article-title":"A study of the growth for the microalgaChlorella vulgaris by photo-bio-calorimetry and other on-line and off-line techniques","volume":"96","author":"Janssen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpc.2021.106550","article-title":"Transformation of matter in living organisms during growth and evolution","volume":"271","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2018.05.005","article-title":"Laws of evolution parallel the laws of thermodynamics","volume":"124","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1351\/PAC-CON-08-09-09","article-title":"Biological calorimetry and the thermodynamics of the origination and evolution of life","volume":"81","author":"Hansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5522","DOI":"10.3390\/e17085522","article-title":"Life\u2019s a Gas: A Thermodynamic Theory of Biological Evolution","volume":"17","author":"Skene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1086\/670529","article-title":"A Theoretical Study of the Thermodynamics of Microbial Growth UsingSaccharomyces cerevisiae and a Different Free Energy Equation","volume":"88","author":"Battley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(98)00584-X","article-title":"An empirical method for estimating the entropy of formation and the absolute entropy of dried microbial biomass for use in studies on the thermodynamics of microbial growth","volume":"326","author":"Battley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kemp, E.B. (1999). The thermodynamics of microbial growth. Handbook of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 4: From Macromolecules to Man, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(97)00357-2","article-title":"The development of direct and indirect methods for the study of the thermodynamics of microbial growth","volume":"309","author":"Battley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(97)00108-1","article-title":"Heat capacity measurements from 10 to 300 K and derived thermodynamic functions of lyophilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae including the absolute entropy and the entropy of formation at 298.15 K","volume":"298","author":"Battley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260390103","article-title":"On the enthalpy of formation ofEscherichia coli K-12 cells","volume":"39","author":"Battley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Roels, J.A. (1983). Energetics and Kinetics in Biotechnology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260380704","article-title":"On the thermodynamics of microbial growth processes","volume":"38","author":"Sandler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Sandler, S.I. (2017). Chemical, Biochemical, and Engineering Thermodynamics, Wiley. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, N. (2021). Thermodynamics of Soil Microbial Metabolism: Applications and Functions. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11114962"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.07261","article-title":"Thermodynamics of soil organic matter decomposition in semi-natural oak (Quercus) woodland in southwest Ireland","volume":"129","author":"Barros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2015.10.007","article-title":"Factors influencing the calorespirometric ratios of soil microbial metabolism","volume":"92","author":"Barros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"von Stockar, U. (2013). Miniaturization of calorimetry: Strengths and weaknesses for bioprocess monitoring. Biothermodynamics: The Role of Thermodynamics in Biochemical Engineering, EPFL Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.200520123","article-title":"Real Time Insights into Bioprocesses Using Calorimetry: State of the Art and Potential","volume":"6","author":"Maskow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2014.10.035","article-title":"What does calorimetry and thermodynamics of living cells tell us?","volume":"76","author":"Maskow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7915.2009.00121.x","article-title":"What heat is telling us about microbial conversions in nature and technology: From chip- to megacalorimetry","volume":"3","author":"Maskow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.05.002","article-title":"Calorimetric real time monitoring of lambda prophage induction","volume":"168","author":"Maskow","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(03)00214-3","article-title":"Study on interaction between T4 phage and Escherichia coli B by microcalorimetric method","volume":"112","author":"Guosheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Stockar, U. (2013). Thermodynamic analysis of metabolic pathways. Biothermodynamics: The Role of Thermodynamics in Biochemical Engineering, EPFL Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b15428"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5665","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.6b00471","article-title":"Standard Gibbs Energy of Metabolic Reactions: I. Hexokinase Reaction","volume":"55","author":"Meurer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpc.2017.02.005","article-title":"Standard Gibbs energy of metabolic reactions: II. Glucose-6-phosphatase reaction and ATP hydrolysis","volume":"223","author":"Meurer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b01704","article-title":"Standard Gibbs Energy of Metabolic Reactions: III The 3-Phosphoglycerate Kinase Reaction","volume":"3","author":"Wangler","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpc.2020.106330","article-title":"Standard Gibbs energy of metabolic reactions: IV. Triosephosphate isomerase reaction","volume":"258","author":"Greinert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2020.140365","article-title":"Standard Gibbs energy of metabolic reactions: V. Enolase reaction","volume":"1868","author":"Greinert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluid.2020.112597","article-title":"Standard Gibbs energy of metabolic reactions: VI. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction","volume":"517","author":"Greinert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilibria"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2018.08.006","article-title":"Thermodynamics of hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose from 0 to 100 \u00b0C: Cellulosic biofuel applications and climate change implications","volume":"128","author":"Popovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-018-0006-7","article-title":"An upper limit on Gibbs energy dissipation governs cellular metabolism","volume":"1","author":"Niebel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008962302957","article-title":"Estimation of Gibbs energy changes of central metabolism reactions","volume":"13","author":"Dussap","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Tech."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fcmmel, A., Panke, S., and Heinemann, M. (2006). Systematic assignment of thermodynamic constraints in metabolic network models. BMC Bioinform., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-512"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L. (2002). Biochemistry, W H Freeman. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annamalai, K. (2021). Oxygen Deficient (OD) Combustion and Metabolism: Allometric Laws of Organs and Kleiber\u2019s Law from OD Metabolism?. Systems, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems9030054"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Annamalai, K., and Miller, J.A. (2017, January 23\u201324). Link between O2 Deficient Metabolism in Organs and Group Combustion in Engineering. Proceedings of the 10th US National Combustion Meeting, College Park, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annamalai, K., and Nanda, A. (2017). Biological Aging and Life Span Based on Entropy Stress via Organ and Mitochondrial Metabolic Loading. Entropy, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/e19100566"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.3390\/e14122550","article-title":"Entropy Stress and Scaling of Vital Organs over Life Span Based on Allometric Laws","volume":"14","author":"Annamalai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186723","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/186723","article-title":"Entropy Generation and Human Aging: Lifespan Entropy and Effect of Diet Composition and Caloric Restriction Diets","volume":"2009","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/entropy-e10020100","article-title":"Entropy Generation and Human Aging: Lifespan Entropy and Effect of Physical Activity Level","volume":"10","author":"Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, C., and Annamalai, K. (2006, January 5\u20138). 1st Law, Metabolism; 2nd Law and Entropy Generaion: Secret to Longevity in Lifespan?. Proceedings of the 9th AIAA\/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2006-2940"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rattan, S., and Hayflick, L. (2016). Unlike the Stochastic Events That Determine Ageing, Sex Determines Longevity. Cellular Ageing and Replicative Senescence. Healthy Ageing and Longevity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26239-0"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mlong.2010.07.004","article-title":"Unlike ageing, longevity is sexually transmitted","volume":"2","author":"Hayflick","year":"2010","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Long\u00e9vit\u00e9"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayflick, L. (2007). Entropy Explains Aging, Genetic Determinism Explains Longevity, and Undefined Terminology Explains Misunderstanding Both. PLoS Genet., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0030220"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1395.001","article-title":"Biological Aging Is No Longer an Unsolved Problem","volume":"1100","author":"Hayflick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. N. York Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rattan, S. (2003). Modulating aging, longevity determination and the diseases of old age. Modulating Aging and Longevity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-0283-6"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2001)156[0334:]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Quest for Immortality: Science at the Frontiers of Aging","volume":"156","author":"Hayflick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(98)00023-0","article-title":"How and why we age","volume":"33","author":"Hayflick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0531-5565(85)90032-4","article-title":"Theories of biological aging","volume":"20","author":"Hayflick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Wu, K.J. (2022, December 07). There Are More Viruses than Stars in the Universe. Why Do Only Some Infect Us?, National Geographic Magazine, Available online: https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/science\/article\/factors-allow-viruses-infect-humans-coronavirus."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-01749-7","article-title":"Beyond coronavirus: The virus discoveries transforming biology","volume":"595","author":"Dance","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popovic, M. (2022). Biothermodynamic Key Opens the Door of Life Sciences: Bridging the Gap between Biology and Thermodynamics. Preprints, 2022100326.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202210.0326.v1"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/00219266.2017.1357649","article-title":"Living organisms from Prigogine\u2019s perspective: An opportunity to introduce students to biological entropy balance","volume":"52","author":"Popovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI180115012P","article-title":"Research in entropy wonterland: A review of the entropy concept","volume":"22","author":"Popovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI180115012P","article-title":"Researchers in an Entropy Wonderland: A Review of the Entropy Concept","volume":"22","author":"Popovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400728","article-title":"The test-tube synthesis of a chemical called poliovirus","volume":"7","author":"Wimmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1661029","article-title":"Cell-Free, De Novo Synthesis of Poliovirus","volume":"254","author":"Molla","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2022.107621","article-title":"Atom counting method for determining elemental composition of viruses and its applications in biothermodynamics and environmental science","volume":"96","author":"Popovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03933","article-title":"A thermodynamic insight into viral infections: Do viruses in a lytic cycle hijack cell metabolism due to their low Gibbs energy?","volume":"6","author":"Popovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04943","article-title":"Thermodynamic insight into viral infections 2: Empirical formulas, molecular compositions and thermodynamic properties of SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) viruses","volume":"6","author":"Popovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popovic, M., and Minceva, M. (2021). Coinfection and Interference Phenomena Are the Results of Multiple Thermodynamic Competitive Interactions. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102060"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duffy, S. (2018). Why are RNA virus mutation rates so damn high?. PLoS Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000003"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02544-6","article-title":"The coronavirus is mutating\u2014Does it matter?","volume":"585","author":"Callaway","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70658","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70658","article-title":"Effects of common mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and its ligand, the human ACE2 receptor on binding affinity and kinetics","volume":"10","author":"Barton","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01754-6","article-title":"Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 mutations in the United States suggests presence of four substrains and novel variants","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"100202","article-title":"Strain Wars: Competitive interactions between SARS-CoV-2 strains are explained by Gibbs energy of antigen-receptor binding","volume":"21","author":"Popovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2022.03.008","article-title":"Strain wars 2: Binding constants, enthalpies, entropies, Gibbs energies and rates of binding of SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"570","author":"Popovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"100217","article-title":"Strain wars 3: Differences in infectivity and pathogenicity between Delta and Omicron strains of SARS-CoV-2 can be explained by thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of binding and growth","volume":"22","author":"Popovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2022.08.009","article-title":"Strain wars 4\u2014Darwinian evolution through Gibbs\u2019 glasses: Gibbs energies of binding and growth explain evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from Hu-1 to BA.2","volume":"575","author":"Popovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"100231","article-title":"Strain wars 5: Gibbs energies of binding of BA.1 through BA.4 variants of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"22","author":"Popovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popovic, M. (2022). Omicron BA.2.75 Subvariant of SARS-CoV-2 Is Expected to Have the Greatest Infectivity Compared with the Competing BA.2 and BA.5, Due to Most Negative Gibbs Energy of Binding. BioTech, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech11040045"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"e298","article-title":"How much energy is stored in SARS-CoV-2 and its structural elements?","volume":"4","author":"Utku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122211","article-title":"Single virus inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy analysis: A comprehensive study","volume":"228","author":"Degueldre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI220524142P","article-title":"Formulas for death and life: Chemical composition and biothermodynamic properties of Monkeypox (MPV, MPXV, HMPXV) and Vaccinia (VACV) viruses","volume":"26","author":"Popovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"100236","article-title":"Why doesn\u2019t Ebola virus cause pandemics like SARS-CoV-2?","volume":"22","author":"Popovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, X., Li, Y., Xia, Y.-L., Ai, S.-M., Liang, J., Sang, P., Ji, X.-L., and Liu, S.-Q. (2016). Insights into Protein\u2013Ligand Interactions: Mechanisms, Models, and Methods. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17020144"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popovic, M. (2022). Standard Gibbs Energy of Binding of the gp120 Antigen of HIV-1 to the CD4 Receptor. Preprints, 2022110482.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202211.0482.v1"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"100198","article-title":"Using thermodynamic equilibrium models to predict the effect of antiviral agents on infectivity: Theoretical application to SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses","volume":"21","author":"Gale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"100104","article-title":"How virus size and attachment parameters affect the temperature sensitivity of virus binding to host cells: Predictions of a thermodynamic model for arboviruses and HIV","volume":"15","author":"Gale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"27","article-title":"Towards a thermodynamic mechanistic model for the effect of temperature on arthropod vector competence for transmission of arboviruses","volume":"12","author":"Gale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using thermodynamic parameters to calibrate a mechanistic dose-response for infection of a host by a virus","volume":"8","author":"Gale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"6","article-title":"Seebeck-like effect in SARS-CoV-2 Bio-thermodynamics","volume":"98","author":"Lucia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atti Accad. Peloritana Pericolanti"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2020.00274","article-title":"Entropy-Based Pandemics Forecasting","volume":"8","author":"Lucia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13216","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.22.13216","article-title":"Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Virus Binding to Receptor","volume":"270","author":"Casasnovas","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI200109151P","article-title":"Thermodynamic properties of human tissues","volume":"24","author":"Popovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671868","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.671868","article-title":"Standard Thermodynamic Properties, Biosynthesis Rates, and the Driving Force of Growth of Five Agricultural Plants","volume":"12","author":"Popovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01950","article-title":"Thermodynamic properties of microorganisms: Determination and analysis of enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy of biomass, cells and colonies of 32 microorganism species","volume":"5","author":"Popovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2021.03.006","article-title":"Elemental composition, heat capacity from 2 to 300 K and derived thermodynamic functions of 5 microorganism species","volume":"331","author":"Popovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Kemp, E.B. (1999). Quantitative calorimetry and biochemical engineering. Handbook of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 4: From Macromolecules to Man, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260181214","article-title":"Thermodynamic evaluation of microbial growth","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, W., Armstrong, N., Obwolo, L.A., Thomas, M., Pang, X., Jones, K.S., and Tang, Q. (2017). Determination of the Cell Permissiveness Spectrum, Mode of RNA Replication, and RNA-Protein Interaction of Zika Virus. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2338-4"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres13040066","article-title":"Omicron BA.2.75 Sublineage (Centaurus) Follows the Expectations of the Evolution Theory: Less Negative Gibbs Energy of Biosynthesis Indicates Decreased Pathogenicity","volume":"13","author":"Popovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1613","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1613","article-title":"Physical virology: From virus self-assembly to particle mechanics","volume":"12","author":"Maity","year":"2020","journal-title":"WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22485","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909223116","article-title":"Measurements of the self-assembly kinetics of individual viral capsids around their RNA genome","volume":"116","author":"Garmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2014.11.002","article-title":"Comparative study of entropy and information change in closed and open thermodynamic systems","volume":"598","author":"Popovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI140424065P","article-title":"Entropy change of open thermodynamic systems in self-organizing processes","volume":"18","author":"Popovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4823","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI211021329P","article-title":"Comment on: \u201cA critical review on heat and mass transfer modelling of viral infection and virion evolution: The case of SARS-COV2\u201d","volume":"25","author":"Popovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2013.826177","article-title":"Bridging the past and the future of virology: Surface plasmon resonance as a powerful tool to investigate virus\/host interactions","volume":"41","author":"Rusnati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.001","article-title":"Receptor binding and complex structures of human ACE2 to spike RBD from omicron and delta SARS-CoV-2","volume":"185","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(87)90187-6","article-title":"Measurement of monoclonal antibody affinity by non-competitive enzyme immunoassay","volume":"100","author":"Beatty","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00863-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron RBD shows weaker binding affinity than the currently dominant Delta variant to human ACE2","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Privalov, P.L. (2012). Microcalorimetry of Macromolecules: The Physical Basis of Biological Structures, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118337509"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarge, S.M., H\u00f6hne, G.W., and Hemminger, W. (2014). Calorimetry: Fundamentals, Instrumentation and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527649365"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1042\/BA20040113","article-title":"Characterization of different strains of poliovirus and influenza virus by differential scanning calorimetry","volume":"41","author":"Manin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.03.037","article-title":"Stabilization study of inactivated foot and mouth disease virus vaccine by size-exclusion HPLC and differential scanning calorimetry","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9288","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01172-15","article-title":"Exploring the Balance between DNA Pressure and Capsid Stability in Herpesviruses and Phages","volume":"89","author":"Bauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11216","DOI":"10.1021\/ja404008r","article-title":"Herpes Virus Genome, The Pressure Is On","volume":"135","author":"Bauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makarov, V.V., Skurat, E., Semenyuk, P., Abashkin, D.A., Kalinina, N.O., Arutyunyan, A.M., Solovyev, A.G., and Dobrov, E.N. (2013). Structural Lability of Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus Virions. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060942"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(85)90060-1","article-title":"Thermal stability of cowpea mosaic virus components: Differential scanning calorimetry studies","volume":"146","author":"Virudachalam","year":"1985","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(85)90005-4","article-title":"Turnip yellow mosaic virus and its capsid have thermal stabilities with opposite ph dependence: Studies by differential scanning calorimetry and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"146","author":"Virudachalam","year":"1985","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"329","article-title":"Study of rabies virus by Differential Scanning Calorimetry","volume":"4","author":"Toinon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)68314-6","article-title":"Structural domains of vesicular stomatitis virus. A study by differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gel analysis, and thermal electron microscopy","volume":"257","author":"Brouillette","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02670-09","article-title":"Structure and Function of a Genetically Engineered Mimic of a Nonenveloped Virus Entry Intermediate","volume":"84","author":"Banerjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5705","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00017a001","article-title":"Calorimetric detection of influenza virus induced membrane fusion","volume":"34","author":"Nebel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3792","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00516a019","article-title":"Scanning calorimetric investigation of the polymerization of the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus","volume":"20","author":"Sturtevant","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00804a001","article-title":"Calorimetric studies on polymerization-depolymerization of tobacco mosaic virus protein. XIII","volume":"9","author":"Stauffer","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.6.5.11023","article-title":"Molecular and structural characterization of the L1 virus-like particles that are used as vaccine antigens inCervarix\u2122, the AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16 and -18 cervical cancer vaccine","volume":"6","author":"Deschuyteneer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5063276","article-title":"Hydrated Silica Exterior Produced by Biomimetic Silicification Confers Viral Vaccine Heat-Resistance","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.02.048","article-title":"Microcalorimetric study of adsorption and disassembling of virus-like particles on anion exchange chromatography media","volume":"1388","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javorsky, A., Maddumage, J.C., Mackie, E.R.R., da Costa, T.P.S., Humbert, P.O., and Kvansakul, M. (2022). Structural insight into the Scribble PDZ domains interaction with the oncogenic Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-1 (HTLV-1) Tax1 PBM. FEBS J.","DOI":"10.2210\/pdb7qrt\/pdb"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10581","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00925-10","article-title":"Basic Residues within the Ebolavirus VP35 Protein Are Required for Its Viral Polymerase Cofactor Function","volume":"84","author":"Prins","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9010","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.768879","article-title":"Structural basis of apoptosis inhibition by the fowlpox virus protein FPV039","volume":"292","author":"Anasir","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.2618","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus NS5A is able to competitively displace c-Myc from the Bin1 SH3 domain in vitro","volume":"20","author":"Aladag","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14675","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321637111","article-title":"Solid-to-fluid\u2013like DNA transition in viruses facilitates infection","volume":"111","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9733","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.9b06258","article-title":"Elucidating the Thermodynamic Driving Forces of Polyanion-Templated Virus-like Particle Assembly","volume":"123","author":"Maassen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.122051","article-title":"Mechanism of bio-macromolecule denaturation on solid-liquid surface of ion-exchange chromatographic media\u2014A case study for inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"1142","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawahara, T., Akiba, I., Sakou, M., Sakaguchi, T., and Taniguchi, H. (2018). Inactivation of human and avian influenza viruses by potassium oleate of natural soap component through exothermic interaction. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204908"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23118-8","article-title":"Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 Orf9b in complex with human TOM70 suggests unusual virus-host interactions","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.2c00314","article-title":"Assembly of Poly(ethylene glycol)ylated Oleanolic Acid on a Linear Polymer as a Pseudomucin for Influenza Virus Inhibition and Adsorption","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8541","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.710731","article-title":"A Conserved Pocket in the Dengue Virus Polymerase Identified through Fragment-based Screening","volume":"291","author":"Noble","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.08.029","article-title":"Inhibition of chikungunya virus by picolinate that targets viral capsid protein","volume":"498","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04623-14","article-title":"Preclinical Activity of VX-787, a First-in-Class, Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of the Influenza Virus Polymerase PB2 Subunit","volume":"59","author":"Byrn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"202","article-title":"On the possibility of lipid-induced regulation of conformation and immunogenicity of influenza a virus H1\/N1 hemagglutinin as antigen of TI-complexes","volume":"24","author":"Vorobieva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigg, A.P., Mariotti, M., Gr\u00fctter, A.E., Lafranca, T., Leitner, L., Bonkat, G., and Braissant, O. (2022). A Method to Determine the Efficacy of a Commercial Phage Preparation against Uropathogens in Urine and Artificial Urine Determined by Isothermal Microcalorimetry. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050845"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2018.05.010","article-title":"Real-time assessment of bacteriophage T3-derived antimicrobial activity against planktonic and biofilm-embedded Escherichia coli by isothermal microcalorimetry","volume":"169","author":"Tkhilaishvili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-013-3494-4","article-title":"Chip-calorimetric monitoring of biofilm eradication with bacteriophages reveals an unexpected infection-related heat profile","volume":"115","author":"Morais","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00110","article-title":"Antibacterial Efficacy of Two Commercially Available Bacteriophage Formulations, Staphylococcal Bacteriophage and PYO Bacteriophage, Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Prevention and Eradication of Biofilm Formation and Control of a Systemic Infection of Galleria mellonella Larvae","volume":"11","author":"Tkhilaishvili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00695","article-title":"Using Bacteriophages as a Trojan Horse to the Killing of Dual-Species Biofilm Formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"11","author":"Tkhilaishvili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.09.006","article-title":"Bacteriophage Sb-1 enhances antibiotic activity against biofilm, degrades exopolysaccharide matrix and targets persisters of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"52","author":"Tkhilaishvili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"65","article-title":"Simultaneous and sequential applications of phages and ciprofloxacin in killing mixed-species biofilm of pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus","volume":"100","author":"Tkhilaishvili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Tkhilaishvili, T., and Trampuz, A. (2020). Adjunctive Use of Phage Sb-1 in Antibiotics Enhances Inhibitory Biofilm Growth Activity versus Rifampin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110749"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602057","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.602057","article-title":"Evaluation of Staphylococcal Bacteriophage Sb-1 as an Adjunctive Agent to Antibiotics Against Rifampin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirlar, R.F., Wagemans, J., Benavente, L.P., Lavigne, R., Trampuz, A., and Moreno, M.G. (2022). Novel Bacteriophage Specific against Staphylococcus epidermidis and with Antibiofilm Activity. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061340"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106200","article-title":"Bacteriophage\u2013antibiotic combinations against ciprofloxacin\/ceftriaxone-resistant Escherichia coli in vitro and in an experimental Galleria mellonella model","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6151","DOI":"10.1021\/bi4006495","article-title":"Aurintricarboxylic Acid Modulates the Affinity of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Helicase for Both Nucleic Acid and ATP","volume":"52","author":"Shadrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_166","unstructured":"Tkhilaishvili, T. (2022). Bacteriophages as an Alternative Strategy in the Treatment and Prevention of Implant-Associated Infections. [Ph.D. Thesis, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin]."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e555","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00127-0","article-title":"Clinical Phage Microbiology: A suggested framework and recommendations for the in-vitro matching steps of phage therapy","volume":"2","author":"Gelman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1515\/jnetdy-2011-0235","article-title":"Heat output by marine microbial and viral communities","volume":"37","author":"Djamali","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilibrium Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D20","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1112","article-title":"Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information","volume":"50","author":"Sayers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"NCBI (2022, November 05). NCBI Database [online] National Center for Biotechnology Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.255","article-title":"GISAID\u2019s Role in Pandemic Response","volume":"3","author":"Khare","year":"2021","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.1018","article-title":"Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID\u2019s innovative contribution to global health","volume":"1","author":"Elbe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Chall."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30494","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494","article-title":"GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data\u2014From vision to reality","volume":"22","author":"Shu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The UniProt Consortium (2021). UniProt: The universal protein knowledgebase in 2021. Nucleic Acids Res., 49, D480\u2013D489.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1100"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260230910","article-title":"Estimation of heats of combustion of biomass from elemental analysis using available electron concepts","volume":"23","author":"Patel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/00986449208935989","article-title":"Estimation of liquid and solid heat capacities using a modified kopp\u2019s rule","volume":"112","author":"Hurst","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Commun."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozilgen, M., and Sorg\u00fcven, E. (2017). Biothermodynamics: Principles and Applications, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315374147"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demirel, Y. (2014). Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: Transport and Rate Processes in Physical, Chemical and Biological Systems, Elsevier. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59557-7.00002-3"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balmer, R.T. (2010). Modern Engineering Thermodynamics, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374996-3.00015-4"},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"100232","article-title":"Beyond COVID-19: Do biothermodynamic properties allow predicting the future evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants?","volume":"22","author":"Popovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2020.1773428","article-title":"The recent application of 3D-QSAR and docking studies to novel HIV-protease inhibitor drug discovery","volume":"15","author":"Olotu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2022.102429","article-title":"The applications of machine learning in HIV neutralizing antibodies research\u2014A systematic review","volume":"134","author":"Avram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.11.026","article-title":"Exploring the binding mechanism of Heteroaryldihydropyrimidines and Hepatitis B Virus capsid combined 3D-QSAR and molecular dynamics","volume":"137","author":"Tu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.25889","article-title":"Application of docking methodologies to modeled proteins","volume":"88","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proteins: Struct. Funct. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahhosseini, N., Babuadze, G., Wong, G., and Kobinger, G.P. (2021). Mutation Signatures and In Silico Docking of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9050926"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopi, P., Gurnani, M., Singh, S., Sharma, P., and Pandya, P. (2022). Structural aspects of SARS-CoV-2 mutations: Implications to plausible infectivity with ACE-2 using computational modeling approach. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2022.2108901"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, T., Lee, S.Y., Kim, S., Kim, M.J., Kim, H.G., Jun, S., Kim, S., Kim, B.T., Park, E.C., and Park, D. (2020). Spike protein binding prediction with neutralizing antibodies of SARS-CoV-2. BioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.22.951178"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.0c00912","article-title":"Modeling Immunity with Rosetta: Methods for Antibody and Antigen Design","volume":"60","author":"Schoeder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_189","unstructured":"Atkins, P.W., and de Paula, J. (2011). Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences, W. H. Freeman and Company. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"Atkins, P.W., and de Paula, J. (2014). Physical Chemistry: Thermodynamics, Structure, and Change, W. H. Freeman and Company. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2007.01.016","article-title":"A comparison of various Gibbs energy dissipation correlations for predicting microbial growth yields","volume":"458","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_192","unstructured":"Baron, S. (1996). Structure and Classification of Viruses. Medical Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"A3","article-title":"Thermodynamics and SARS-CoV-2: Neurological effects in post-Covid 19 syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Lucia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atti Accad. Peloritana Pericolanti"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn415","article-title":"Light activation of transcription: Photocaging of nucleotides for control over RNA polymerization","volume":"36","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18001-x","article-title":"Ribosome-mediated polymerization of long chain carbon and cyclic amino acids into peptides in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19165-2","article-title":"Polymerization and editing modes of a high-fidelity DNA polymerase are linked by a well-defined path","volume":"11","author":"Dodd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a012799","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a012799","article-title":"Replicative DNA Polymerases","volume":"5","author":"Johansson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601912440575","article-title":"Quantitative Methods for Assessing Drug Synergism","volume":"2","author":"Tallarida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Cancer"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/10\/12\/2112\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:37:30Z","timestamp":1760146650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/10\/12\/2112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"references-count":198,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines10122112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10122112","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202211.0112.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]}}}