{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T09:28:00Z","timestamp":1781170080431,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China","award":["C2022402038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2022402038"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China","award":["22326602D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22326602D"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Science and Technology Agency, China","award":["C2022402038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2022402038"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Science and Technology Agency, China","award":["22326602D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22326602D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors (NOD-like receptors, NLRs) are involved in modulating the innate immune responses of the trophoblast and the placenta in normal pregnancy. The thymus participates in regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, it is unclear whether expression of NLR is modulated in the maternal thymus during early pregnancy. In this study, thymuses were sampled at day 16 of the estrous cycle, and at days 13, 16 and 25 of gestation (n = 6 for each group) from ewes after slaughter. Different stages were chosen because the maternal thymus was under the different effects of interferon-tau and\/or progesterone or not. RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to analyze the expression of the NLR family, including NOD1; NOD2; major histocompatibility complex class II transactivator (CIITA); NLR family apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP); nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and Leucine-rich repeat and Pyrin domain containing protein 1 (NLRP1), NLRP3 and NLRP7. The results showed that expression level of NOD1 was changed with the pregnancy stages, and expression levels of NOD2, CIITA, NAIP, NLRP1, NLRP3 and NLRP7 mRNA and proteins were peaked at day 13 of pregnancy. The levels of NOD2 and CIITA were increased during early pregnancy. The stainings for NOD2 and NLRP7 proteins were located in epithelial reticular cells, capillaries and thymic corpuscles. In summary, pregnancy stages changed expression of NLR family in the maternal thymus, which may be related to the modulation of maternal thymic immune responses, and beneficial for normal pregnancy in sheep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T01:56:06Z","timestamp":1670896566000},"page":"2128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Modulation of Nod-like Receptor Expression in the Thymus during Early Pregnancy in Ewes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Leying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiabao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4385-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2019.02.008","article-title":"NOD-like receptors and inflammasomes: A review of their canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways","volume":"670","author":"Platnich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. 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