{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:25:20Z","timestamp":1779114320977,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/2\/2018\/SKK11\/AIMST\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/2\/2018\/SKK11\/AIMST\/02\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRGS\/1\/2019\/SKK11\/AIMST\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRGS\/1\/2019\/SKK11\/AIMST\/02\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Prototype Research Grant Scheme (PRGS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/2\/2018\/SKK11\/AIMST\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/2\/2018\/SKK11\/AIMST\/02\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Prototype Research Grant Scheme (PRGS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRGS\/1\/2019\/SKK11\/AIMST\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRGS\/1\/2019\/SKK11\/AIMST\/02\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In low- and middle-income countries, diarrhoeal diseases are the second most common cause of mortality in children, mainly caused by enterotoxin-producing bacteria, such as Shigella, Vibrio, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli. Cholera and traveller\u2019s diarrhoea are caused by Vibrio cholerae (O1 and O139 serogroups) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), respectively. The cholera toxin (CT) produced by V. cholerae and the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of ETEC are closely related by structure, function, and the immunological response to them. There is no exclusive vaccine for ETEC; however, cholera vaccines based on the CT-B component elicit a short-term cross-protection against ETEC infection. In this context, the cross-protective efficacy of MyCholTM, a prototype cold-chain-free, live-attenuated, oral cholera vaccine against V. cholerae O139 was evaluated in BALB\/c mice. The 100% lethal dose (LD100) of 109 CFU\/mL of the ETEC H10407 strain was used for the challenge studies. The mice immunised with MyChol\u2122 survived the challenge by producing anti-CT antibodies, which cross-neutralised the LT toxin with no body weight loss and no sign of diarrhoea. Compared to unimmunised mice, the immunised mice elicited the neutralising antitoxin that markedly decreased ETEC colonisation and fluid accumulation caused by ETEC H10407 in the intestines. The immunised mice recorded higher antibody titres, including anti-CT IgG, anti-LT IgG, anti-CT-B IgG, and anti-LTB IgG. Only a two-fold rise in anti-CT\/CT-B\/LT\/LT-B IgA was recorded in serum samples from immunised mice. No bactericidal antibodies against ETEC H10407 were detected. This investigation demonstrates the safety, immunogenicity, and cross-protective efficacy of MyCholTM against the ETEC H10407 challenge in BALB\/c mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T02:16:41Z","timestamp":1671157001000},"page":"2161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dual-Use Vaccine for Diarrhoeal Diseases: Cross-Protective Immunogenicity of a Cold-Chain-Free, Live-Attenuated, Oral Cholera Vaccine against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Challenge in BALB\/c Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tew","family":"Hui Xian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3655-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subramani","family":"Parasuraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5321-1344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manickam","family":"Ravichandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Vaccine Development (CoEVD), AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia"},{"name":"Mygenome, ALPS Global Holding, Kuala Lumpur 50400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guruswamy","family":"Prabhakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Vaccine Development (CoEVD), AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"PATH (2022, May 12). 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