{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:47:22Z","timestamp":1767707242422,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/3\/8\/59\/ITR-F\/2019-ITR","ERIP\/ER\/1403185\/M\/01\/1627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/3\/8\/59\/ITR-F\/2019-ITR","ERIP\/ER\/1403185\/M\/01\/1627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001849","name":"Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), New Delhi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/3\/8\/59\/ITR-F\/2019-ITR","ERIP\/ER\/1403185\/M\/01\/1627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/3\/8\/59\/ITR-F\/2019-ITR","ERIP\/ER\/1403185\/M\/01\/1627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001849","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Generally, protein-based vaccines are available in liquid form and are highly susceptible to instability under elevated temperature changes including freezing conditions. There is a need to create a convenient formulation of protein\/peptides that can be stored at ambient conditions without loss of activity or production of adverse effects. The efficiency of naturally occurring biocompatible polymer dextran in improving the shelf-life and biological activity of a highly thermally unstable plague vaccine candidate protein called Low Calcium Response V antigen (LcrV), which can be stored at room temperature (30 \u00b1 2 \u00b0C), has been evaluated. To determine the preferential interactions with molecular-level insight into solvent\u2013protein interactions, analytical techniques such asspectroscopy, particle size distribution, gel electrophoresis, microscopy, and thermal analysis have been performed along with the evaluation of humoral immune response, invivo. The analytical methods demonstrate the structural stability of the LcrV protein by expressing its interaction with the excipients in the formulation. The invivo studies elicited the biological activity of the formulated antigen with a significantly higher humoral immune response (p-value = 0.047) when compared to the native, adjuvanted antigen. We propose dextran as a potential biopolymer with its co-excipient sodium chloride (NaCl) to provide protein compactness, i.e., prevent protein unfolding by molecular crowding or masking mechanism using preferential hydrophobic interaction for up to three weeks at room temperature (30 \u00b1 2 \u00b0C).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T02:36:46Z","timestamp":1671763006000},"page":"27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Determination of Conformational and Functional Stability of Potential Plague Vaccine Candidate in Formulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9308-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krubha","family":"Athirathinam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Centre for Excellence in Nano-Bio Translational Research (CENTRE), University College of Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selvasudha","family":"Nandakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry Union Territory, Puducherry 605014, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9142-3022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shailendra Kumar","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division, Defense Research and Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior 474002, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4125-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruckmani","family":"Kandasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Centre for Excellence in Nano-Bio Translational Research (CENTRE), University College of Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2013.786404","article-title":"162 Dominant forces in protein folding","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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