{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:14:08Z","timestamp":1787030048327,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that can cause extreme acute respiratory syndrome has posed a catastrophic threat to public health. The vaccines had indeed restored optimism and, after more than two years of battling the pandemic, there is renewed hope for the transition to endemicity. At the start of vaccination efforts, when supply shortages of vaccines were inevitable, every nation determined the high-risk population groups to be given priority for the COVID-19 vaccines. In this paper, the characteristics of the initial COVID-19 vaccine recipients in Malaysia are described. In line with the policies of many other countries, Malaysia firstly inoculated frontline healthcare workers, and subsequently the list of front liners grew to include defense and security personnel and those involved in the provision of essential services. People with disabilities or those with special needs and several underlying medical conditions that increased their risk of developing severe COVID-related illnesses were included in the priority categories. These included patients with severe lung disease, chronic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, neurological disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity in adults, splenic dysfunction, and severe mental illness. With little information and under circumstances of great uncertainty, the Health Ministry of a middle-income country had developed a vaccination priority-list based on the disease\u2019s epidemiology and clinical data, vaccine type, operational considerations, and risk evaluation. Early evidence was presented and suggested that the full vaccination with any of the three predominant vaccines (AZD1222, BNT162b2, and CoronaVac) in the country had been highly effective in preventing COVID-19 infections, COVID-19-related ICU admissions, and death. As many SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoC), such as the Omicron BA.2\/4\/5, are emerging, future vaccination strategies may necessitate the need to change the immunogen of the vaccine, as well as considerations for when to give high-risk groups booster injections. These considerations are valuable for future planning by policymakers and healthcare providers to make vaccination policy and decisions, especially for the inclusion of the COVID-19 vaccines into national immunization programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T04:58:01Z","timestamp":1672117081000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["COVID-19 Vaccination Prioritization Strategies in Malaysia: A Retrospective Analysis of Early Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nor Elyzatul Akma","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, MARA University of Technology (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam 42300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9042-4290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathumalar Loganathan","family":"Fahrni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, MARA University of Technology (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam 42300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Ivan","family":"Lazzarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14238","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25681","article-title":"Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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