{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:51:18Z","timestamp":1787064678376,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006701","name":"Umm al-Qura University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22UQU4331128DSR23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22UQU4331128DSR23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crimean\u2013Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), caused by Crimean\u2013Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), is a disease of worldwide importance (endemic yet not limited to Asia, Middle East, and Africa) and has triggered several outbreaks amounting to a case fatality rate of 10\u201340% as per the World Health Organization. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic data revealed that the Asia-1 genotype of CCHFV remained dominant in Pakistan, where 688 confirmed cases were reported between the 2012\u20132022 period. Currently, no approved vaccine is available to tackle the viral infection. Epitope-based vaccine design has gained significant attention in recent years due to its safety, timeliness, and cost efficiency compared to conventional vaccines. In the present study, we employed a robust immunoinformatics-based approach targeting the structural glycoproteins G1 and G2 of CCHFV (Asia-1 genotype) to design a multi-epitope vaccine construct. Five B-cells and six cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes were mapped and finalized from G1 and G2 and were fused with suitable linkers (EAAAK, GGGS, AAY, and GPGPG), a PADRE sequence (13 aa), and an adjuvant (50S ribosomal protein L7\/L12) to formulate a chimeric vaccine construct. The selected CTL epitopes showed high affinity and stable binding with the binding groove of common human HLA class I molecules (HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-B*44:02) and mouse major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. The chimeric vaccine was predicted to be an antigenic, non-allergenic, and soluble molecule with a suitable physicochemical profile. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation indicated a stable and energetically favourable interaction between the constructed antigen and Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4). Our results demonstrated that innate, adaptive, and humoral immune responses could be elicited upon administration of such a potent muti-epitope vaccine construct. These results could be helpful for an experimental vaccinologist to develop an effective vaccine against the Asia-1 genotype of CCHFV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T08:38:19Z","timestamp":1672216699000},"page":"61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["An Immunoinformatics Approach to Design a Potent Multi-Epitope Vaccine against Asia-1 Genotype of Crimean\u2013Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus Using the Structural Glycoproteins as a Target"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3162-7650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Zawar","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9577-1793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basit","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9120-2414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Usman","family":"Mirza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6115-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Waqas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan"},{"name":"Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6565-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahkaar","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8526-7799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sobia Ahsan","family":"Halim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazia","family":"Rafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Idrees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8734-2588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asaad","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P.O. Box 2404, Khartoum 11111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4770-9319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf N.","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajmal","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0815-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Harrasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.02.018","article-title":"Current status of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region: Issues, challenges, and future directions","volume":"58","author":"Abaidani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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