{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T19:16:07Z","timestamp":1780514167529,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research of King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G.R.P.1-23-43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G.R.P.1-23-43"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research of King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2022R30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G.R.P.1-23-43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G.R.P.1-23-43"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2022R30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection, is a deadly disease caused by Treponema pallidum. It is a Gram-negative spirochete that can infect nearly every organ of the human body. It can be transmitted both sexually and perinatally. Since syphilis is the second most fatal sexually transmitted disease after AIDS, an efficient vaccine candidate is needed to establish long-term protection against infections by T. pallidum. This study used reverse-vaccinology-based immunoinformatic pathway subtractive proteomics to find the best antigenic proteins for multi-epitope vaccine production. Six essential virulent and antigenic proteins were identified, including the membrane lipoprotein TpN32 (UniProt ID: O07950), DNA translocase FtsK (UniProt ID: O83964), Protein Soj homolog (UniProt ID: O83296), site-determining protein (UniProt ID: F7IVD2), ABC transporter, ATP-binding protein (UniProt ID: O83930), and Sugar ABC superfamily ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABC protein (UniProt ID: O83782). We found that the multiepitope subunit vaccine consisting of 4 CTL, 4 HTL, and 11 B-cell epitopes mixed with the adjuvant TLR-2 agonist ESAT6 has potent antigenic characteristics and does not induce an allergic response. Before being docked at Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, the developed vaccine was modeled, improved, and validated. Docking studies revealed significant binding interactions, whereas molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated its stability. Furthermore, the immune system simulation indicated significant and long-lasting immunological responses. The vaccine was then reverse-transcribed into a DNA sequence and cloned into the pET28a (+) vector to validate translational activity as well as the microbial production process. The vaccine developed in this study requires further scientific consensus before it can be used against T. pallidum to confirm its safety and efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T02:59:01Z","timestamp":1672282741000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Identification of a Potential Vaccine against Treponema pallidum Using Subtractive Proteomics and Reverse-Vaccinology Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Siyab","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rizwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Kanju Campus, Swat 19120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Zeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5280-7736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Alaa","family":"Eldeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology, Histology & Genetics Division, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Peshawar 24540, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7261-3645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashfaq","family":"Ur Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5633-9562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Refaat","family":"A. Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0010-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Samir A. Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Histology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5657-4650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghadeer","family":"M. Albadrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6210-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"E. Altyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nehal Ahmed Talaat","family":"Nouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medicine Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Inpatient Pharmacy, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4341-2713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Abdel-Daim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.3.806-807.2000","article-title":"A point mutation associated with bacterial macrolide resistance is present in both 23S rRNA genes of an erythromycin-resistant Treponema pallidum clinical isolate","volume":"44","author":"Stamm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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