{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T16:43:13Z","timestamp":1764002593929,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Agency","award":["BCG\/COVID-19\/UR\/04\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCG\/COVID-19\/UR\/04\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) was the predominant cause of death from a single infectious agent worldwide before the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Although TB vaccines have been successfully used for about 100 years, their full effect is still unknown. In previous studies, a reduced incidence and mortality from a coronavirus disease in TB-vaccinated populations were reported. In this article, we present the secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial, reporting the results of a serological assessment evaluating the effect of the Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine on SARS-CoV-2. Participants\u2014healthcare workers\u2014were assessed 1\u20132 and 8 months after the second dose of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine. We found no associations between antibody concentration, BCG revaccination, and additional characteristics, such as age, gender, or Body Mass Index. The effect of BCG vaccination on the immunological response against SARS-CoV-2 requires further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T02:59:01Z","timestamp":1672282741000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Multi-Centre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Clinical Trial Evaluating the Impact of BCG Re-Vaccination on the Incidence and Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infections among Symptomatic Healthcare Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland\u2014Evaluation of Antibody Concentrations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9935-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Zapolnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-315 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Kmiecik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Louis Provincial Specialist Children\u2019s Hospital, 31-503 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5713-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Nowakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Diagnostics Laboratory, Regional Sanitary-Epidemiological Station, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-315 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5252-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz Jerzy","family":"Krzych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0589-7748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henryk","family":"Szyma\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Hedwig of Silesia Hospital, 55-100 Trzebnica, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5370-0180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Stopyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Paediatrics, Stefan \u017beromski Specialist Hospital, 31-913 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Jackowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Darmochwa\u0142-Kolarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-315 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5393-3515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-315 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Czajka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-315 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). 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