{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:17:21Z","timestamp":1785161841746,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["OPP1043763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1043763"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infections by Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A strain are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Generation of antibodies against the Vi capsular polysaccharide of S. Typhi via either pure polysaccharide or protein\u2013polysaccharide conjugate is a very effective way to protect against S. Typhi. To date, there is no commercially available vaccine against S. Paratyphi A. The O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) has been generally considered a good vaccine target for Paratyphi A. Here, a bivalent vaccine against Vi and OSP was generated using the Multiple Antigen Presenting System (MAPS). Three different protein constructs, including CRM197, rEPA of Pseudomonas, and a pneumococcal fusion protein SP1500-SP0785, were fused to Rhizavidin (Rhavi) and evaluated their impact on immunogenicity when incorporated as fusion proteins affinity-bound to the two polysaccharides. We compared the antibody responses, antibody avidity, and cidal activity of sera post-immunization with monovalent vs. combination vaccines. We also wished to evaluate the generation of Vi-specific memory B cells in mice. We found little interference when combination vaccine was compared to monovalent vaccines with respect to antibody concentration and cidal activity of sera. Significant affinity maturation was noted for both Vi and OSP antigens. Thus, our preclinical results with a combination Vi- and OSP-MAPS vaccine strongly support the feasibility of this approach and its application of this approach to other important salmonella and Shigella species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T04:51:22Z","timestamp":1672635082000},"page":"91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Bivalent MAPS Vaccine Induces Protective Antibody Responses against Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily M.","family":"Boerth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Ledue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8688-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1805-3955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-Jie","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"Typhoid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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