{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:53:47Z","timestamp":1792500827672,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to explore knowledge, attitude, perceptions, and willingness regarding vaccination among university students in Pakistan. This cross-sectional study was carried out using an open online self-administered survey via Google Forms. The survey data were collected between the 15 to 30 of October 2022. A total of 946 respondents participated in the study, of which the majority were female (514, 54.3%). Most students belonged to a medical background, specifically pharmaceutical sciences. Most of the respondents did not know about monkeypox before 2022 (646, 68.3%). Regarding overall knowledge of monkeypox, most of the respondents had average knowledge (726, 76.7%), with very few having good knowledge (60, 6.3%). Regarding overall attitudes towards monkeypox, most of the respondents had neutral attitudes (648, 68.5%). There was a significant association between knowledge of Monkeypox with the type of academic degree (p &lt; 0.001), type of discipline (p &lt; 0.001), and region of respondents (p &lt; 0.001). The willingness to vaccinate among the population was (67.7%). The current study pointed out that the overall knowledge of monkeypox was average in most respondents, with considerable knowledge gaps in most aspects. The overall attitude towards monkeypox was neutral. Further, the knowledge about monkeypox was strongly associated with academic degree, study discipline, and region of respondents. Our findings emphasize the need to raise public awareness by educating students on the monkeypox virus. This will improve adherence to preventative recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T04:51:22Z","timestamp":1672635082000},"page":"97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Monkeypox Cross-Sectional Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Willingness to Vaccinate among University Students in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2648-3915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narendar","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76060, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Centre Headrajkan, Tehsil Yazman, Bahawalpur 58240, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Sauban","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Centre Gogran, Lodhran 58240, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2444-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pushp Lata","family":"Rajpoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8899-549X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wajiha","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Informatics, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoaib Alam","family":"Khatri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sindh Government Hospital, Korangi No. 5, Karachi 74000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5021-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustapha","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810282, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaib","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76060, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabbiya","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricc\u00f2, M., Ferraro, P., Camisa, V., Satta, E., Zaniboni, A., Ranzieri, S., Baldassarre, A., Zaffina, S., and Marchesi, F. (2022). When a Neglected Tropical Disease Goes Global: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Italian Physicians towards Monkeypox, Preliminary Results. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7070135"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25348","article-title":"A review of the monkeypox virus and a recent outbreak of skin rash disease in Nigeria","volume":"91","author":"Kabuga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljamaan, F., Alenezi, S., Alhasan, K., Saddik, B., Alhaboob, A., Altawil, E.S., Alshahrani, F., Alrabiaah, A., Alaraj, A., and Alkriadees, K. (2022). Healthcare Workers\u2019 Worries and Monkeypox Vaccine Advocacy during the First Month of the WHO Monkeypox Alert: Cross-Sectional Survey in Saudi Arabia. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.08.02.22278317"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386","article-title":"New challenges in human monkeypox outside Africa: A review and case report from Italy","volume":"49","author":"Mileto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam, M., Al-Mahzoum, K., Al-Tammemi, A.B., Alkurtas, M., Mirzaei, F., Kareem, N., Al-Naimat, H., Jardaneh, L., Al-Majali, L., and AlHadidi, A. (2022). Assessing Healthcare Workers\u2019 Knowledge and Their Confidence in the Diagnosis and Management of Human Monkeypox: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Middle Eastern Country. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091722"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, November 25). 2022 Monkeypox Outbreak: Global Trends. Available online: https:\/\/worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io\/mpx_global\/#section-fns2.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NURSE.0000904412.04897.d6"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imj.2022.07.001","article-title":"Preparedness for a monkeypox outbreak","volume":"1","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e26531","article-title":"Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review of Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Manifestation","volume":"14","author":"Kaler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiecco, G., Degli Antoni, M., Storti, S., Tomasoni, L.R., Castelli, F., and Quiros-Roldan, E. (2022). Monkeypox, a Literature Review: What Is New and Where Does This Concerning Virus Come From?. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091894"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103977","article-title":"Monkeypox virus: A spreading threat for Pakistan?","volume":"79","author":"Najeeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.3491","article-title":"Neurologic complications of smallpox and monkeypox: A review","volume":"79","author":"Billioux","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nath, S.D., Islam, A.M.K., Majumder, K., Rimti, F.H., Das, J., Tabassum, M.N., Oishee, A.N., Mahmood, T., Paul, M., and Akhter, M. (2022). Assessment of Knowledge on Human Monkeypox Virus among General Population in Bangladesh: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.08.31.22279445"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meo, S.A., Al-Khlaiwi, T., Aljofan, Z.F., Alanazi, A.I., and Meo, A.S. (2022). Public Perceptions of the Emerging Human Monkeypox Disease and Vaccination in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091534"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temsah, M.-H., Aljamaan, F., Alenezi, S., Abouammoh, N., Alhasan, K., Dasuqi, S.A., Alhaboob, A., Hamad, M.A., Halwani, R., and Alrabiaah, A. (2022). Monkeypox Disease (MPOX) Perceptions among Healthcare Workers versus General Population during the First Month of the WHO Alert: Cross-Sectional Survey in Saudi Arabia. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.10.17.22281183"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harapan, H., Ophinni, Y., Megawati, D., Frediansyah, A., Mamada, S.S., Salampe, M., Bin Emran, T., Winardi, W., Fathima, R., and Sirinam, S. (2022). Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102155"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200734","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.40.2200734","article-title":"Very low risk of monkeypox among staff and students after exposure to a confirmed case in educational settings, England, May to July 2022","volume":"27","author":"Ladhani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.35787\/jimdc.v11i2.892","article-title":"The Impending Threat of Monkeypox: Responsiveness of Pakistan\u2019s Health System","volume":"11","author":"Abdullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Islam. Med. Dent. Coll."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.17485\/IJST\/v14i3.1812","article-title":"Estimation and forecasting of the inflation, interest, literacy and unemployment rate of Pakistan using nonlinear regression models","volume":"14","author":"Ghoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riad, A., Drobov, A., Rozmarinov\u00e1, J., Drap\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, P., Klugarov\u00e1, J., Du\u0161ek, L., Pokorn\u00e1, A., and Klugar, M. (2022). Monkeypox Knowledge and Vaccine Hesitancy of Czech Healthcare Workers: A Health Belief Model (HBM)-Based Study. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122022"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam, M., Eid, H., Awamleh, N., Al-Tammemi, A.B., Barakat, M., Athamneh, R.Y., Hallit, S., Harapan, H., and Mahafzah, A. (2022). Conspiratorial Attitude of the General Public in Jordan towards Emerging Virus Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study Amid the 2022 Monkeypox Outbreak. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7120411"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"68","article-title":"Knowledge of human monkeypox viral infection among general practitioners: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia","volume":"114","author":"Harapan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03066","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.03066","article-title":"Unprecedented rise of monkeypox in Europe and America: Are Asian countries ready for a new outbreak during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic?","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam, M., Al-Mahzoum, K., Dardas, L.A., Al-Tammemi, A.B., Al-Majali, L., Al-Naimat, H., Jardaneh, L., AlHadidi, F., Al-Salahat, K., and Al-Ajlouni, E. (2022). Knowledge of Human Monkeypox and Its Relation to Conspiracy Beliefs among Students in Jordanian Health Schools: Filling the Knowledge Gap on Emerging Zoonotic Viruses. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58070924"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, S.K., Abdulqadirb, S.O., Omar, R.M., Abdullah, A.J., Rahman, H.A., Hussein, S.H., M-Amin, H.I., Chandran, D., Sharma, A.K., and Dhama, K. (2022). Study of knowledge, attitude and anxiety in Kurdistan-region of Iraqi population during the monkeypox outbreak in 2022: An online cross-sectional study. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1961934\/v3"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsanafi, M., Al-Mahzoum, K., and Sallam, M. (2022). Monkeypox Knowledge and Confidence in Diagnosis and Management with Evaluation of Emerging Virus Infection Conspiracies among Health Professionals in Kuwait. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11090994"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshahrani, N.Z., Alzahrani, F., Alarifi, A.M., Algethami, M.R., Alhumam, M.N., Ayied, H.A.M., Awan, A.Z., Almutairi, A.F., Bamakhrama, S.A., and Almushari, B.S. (2022). Assessment of Knowledge of Monkeypox Viral Infection among the General Population in Saudi Arabia. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080904"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gall\u00e8, F., Bianco, L., Da Molin, G., Mancini, R., Sciacchitano, S., Ferracuti, S., Liguori, G., Orsi, G.B., and Napoli, C. (2022). \u201cMonkeypox: What Do You Know about That?\u201d Italian Adults\u2019 Awareness of a New Epidemic. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111285"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"881","article-title":"An evaluation of public understanding regarding COVID-19 in Sindh, Pakistan: A focus on knowledge, attitudes and practices","volume":"25","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Res. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Winters, M.S., Malik, A.A., and Omer, S.B. (2022). Attitudes of the US general public towards Monkeypox. medRxiv."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"253","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and perception of anticipating 2022 global human monkeypox infection among internal medicine residents at palembang indonesia: An online survey","volume":"9","author":"Salim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Kedokt. dan Kesehat. Publ. Ilm. Fak. Kedokt. Univ. Sriwij."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, N., Sulaiman, S.A.S., Hashmi, F.K., Qureshi, A., Shaib, M., Alam, S., and Hussain, M. (2022). Survey data of public in Sindh Pakistan regarding willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccination. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270900"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lulli, L.G., Baldassarre, A., Mucci, N., and Arcangeli, G. (2022). Prevention, Risk Exposure, and Knowledge of Monkeypox in Occupational Settings: A Scoping Review. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100276"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.11.004","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards monkeypox during the 2022 outbreak: An online cross-sectional survey among clinicians in Ohio, USA","volume":"15","author":"Bates","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7122e1","article-title":"Use of JYNNEOS (Smallpox and Monkeypox Vaccine, Live, Nonreplicating) for Preexposure Vaccination of Persons at Risk for Occupational Exposure to Orthopoxviruses: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices\u2014United States, 2022","volume":"71","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109346","article-title":"Monkeypox virus vaccine evolution and global preparedness for vaccination","volume":"113","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9272","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9272","article-title":"A game-theoretic model of Monkeypox to assess vaccination strategies","volume":"8","author":"Bankuru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Peerj"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102398","article-title":"Recently spreading human monkeypox virus infection and its transmission during COVID-19 pandemic period: A travelers\u2019 prospective","volume":"49","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/1\/97\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:49:07Z","timestamp":1760147347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/1\/97"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines11010097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11010097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]}}}