{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T09:28:28Z","timestamp":1781083708486,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, New Delhi, India"},{"name":"Coordinator, IBU, AM University, Aligarh"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In spite of its high effectiveness in the treatment of both leishmaniasis as well as a range of fungal infections, the free form of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) does not entertain the status of the most preferred drug of choice in clinical settings. The high intrinsic toxicity of the principal drug could be considered the main impedance in the frequent medicinal use of this otherwise very effective antimicrobial agent. Taking into consideration this fact, the pharma industry has introduced many novel dosage forms of AmB to alleviate its toxicity issues. However, the limited production, high cost, requirement for a strict cold chain, and need for parenteral administration are some of the limitations that explicitly compel professionals to look for the development of an alternate dosage form of this important drug. Considering the fact that the nano-size dimensions of drug formulation play an important role in increasing the efficacy of the core drug, we employed a green method for the development of nano-assemblies of AmB (AmB-NA). The as-synthesized AmB-NA manifests desirable pharmacokinetics in the treated animals. The possible mechanistic insight suggested that as-synthesized AmB-NA induces necrosis-mediated cell death and severe mitochondrial dysfunction in L. donovani promastigotes by triggering depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. In vivo studies demonstrate a noticeable decline in parasite burden in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow of the experimental BALB\/c mice host. In addition to successfully suppressing the Leishmania donovani, the as-formed AmB-NA formulation also modulates the host immune system with predominant Th1 polarization, a key immune defender that facilitates the killing of the intracellular parasite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T02:12:48Z","timestamp":1672625568000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Amphotericin B Nano-Assemblies Circumvent Intrinsic Toxicity and Ensure Superior Protection in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis with Feeble Toxic Manifestation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3072-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fauzia","family":"Jamal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishrat","family":"Altaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghufran","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheikh","family":"Asad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hira","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0284-4974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qamar","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9884-7645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asim","family":"Azhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neat Meatt Biotech Private Limited, Bio-NEST-UDSC, University of Delhi (South Campus), New Delhi 110021, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Farheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3893-3047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taj","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabana","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Anugrah Narayan College, Patliputra University, Patna 800013, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swaleha","family":"Zubair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7377-7388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Owais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645944","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.645944","article-title":"Epidemiology of Leishmania Carriers in Tan Chang County, Gansu Province, China","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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