{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:21:23Z","timestamp":1790767283797,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the subtype of breast cancer with the poorest outcomes, and is associated with a high risk of relapse and metastasis. The treatment choices for this malignancy have been confined to conventional chemotherapeutic agents, due to a lack of expression of the canonical molecular targets. Immunotherapy has been recently changing the treatment paradigm for many types of tumors, and the approach of evoking active immune responses in the milieu of breast tumors through cancer vaccines has been introduced as one of the most novel immunotherapeutic approaches. Accordingly, a number of vaccines for the treatment or prevention of recurrence have been developed and are currently being studied in TNBC patients, while none have yet received any approvals. To elucidate the efficacy and safety of these vaccines, we performed a systematic review of the available literature on the topic. After searching the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Google Scholar databases, a total of 5701 results were obtained, from which 42 clinical studies were eventually included based on the predefined criteria. The overall quality of the included studies was acceptable. However, due to a lack of reporting outcomes of survival or progression in some studies (which were presented as conference abstracts) as well as the heterogeneity of the reported outcomes and study designs, we were not able to carry out a meta-analysis. A total of 32 different vaccines have so far been evaluated in TNBC patients, with the majority belonging to the peptide-based vaccine type. The other vaccines were in the cell or nucleic acid (RNA\/DNA)-based categories. Most vaccines proved to be safe with low-grade, local adverse events and could efficiently evoke cellular immune responses; however, most trials were not able to demonstrate significant improvements in clinical indices of efficacy. This is in part due to the limited number of randomized studies, as well as the limited TNBC population of each trial. However, due to the encouraging results of the currently published trials, we anticipate that this strategy could show its potential through larger, phase III randomized studies in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T01:30:47Z","timestamp":1673314247000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Cancer Vaccines for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mina","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 141556451, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simin","family":"Seyedpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 1417613151, Iran"},{"name":"Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran P.O. Box 1416634793, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Khodaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 1417613151, Iran"},{"name":"Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran P.O. Box 1416634793, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6009-4358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir-Hossein","family":"Loghman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan P.O. Box 8715988141, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasrin","family":"Seyedpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran P.O. Box 1416634793, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 141556559, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8567-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad-Hossein","family":"Yazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 141556451, Iran"},{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 141556451, Iran"},{"name":"Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 141556451, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3836-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nima","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children\u2019s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qarib Street, Tehran P.O. Box 14185863, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 141761351, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12207","article-title":"Global patterns of breast cancer incidence and mortality: A population-based cancer registry data analysis from 2000 to 2020","volume":"41","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797092","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.797092","article-title":"Prospects of Immunotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-3045","article-title":"Triple-negative breast cancer: Clinical features and patterns of recurrence","volume":"13","author":"Dent","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mediratta, K., El-Sahli, S., D\u2019Costa, V., and Wang, L. (2020). Current Progresses and Challenges of Immunotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123529"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00565-2","article-title":"Treatment landscape of triple-negative breast cancer\u2014Expanded options, evolving needs","volume":"19","author":"Bianchini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy518","article-title":"Pembrolizumab monotherapy for previously untreated, PD-L1-positive, metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: Cohort B of the phase II KEYNOTE-086 study","volume":"30","author":"Adams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809615","article-title":"Atezolizumab and Nab-Paclitaxel in Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"379","author":"Schmid","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32531-9","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for previously untreated locally recurrent inoperable or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (KEYNOTE-355): A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial","volume":"396","author":"Cortes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.06.014","article-title":"VP7-2021: KEYNOTE-522: Phase III study of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab + chemotherapy vs. placebo + chemotherapy, followed by adjuvant pembrolizumab vs. placebo for early-stage TNBC","volume":"32","author":"Schmid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828386","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.828386","article-title":"Breast Cancer Vaccines: Disappointing or Promising?","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pallerla, S., Abdul, A.u.R.M., Comeau, J., and Jois, S. (2021). Cancer vaccines, treatment of the future: With emphasis on her2-positive breast cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020779"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2019.02.004","article-title":"Vaccine therapies for breast cancer","volume":"28","author":"Burke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1815","article-title":"Vaccines for tumour prevention","volume":"6","author":"Lollini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0103-y","article-title":"Turning the corner on therapeutic cancer vaccines","volume":"4","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01247-x","article-title":"Cancer vaccines as promising immuno-therapeutics: Platforms and current progress","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djt184","article-title":"MHC Class I Antigen Processing and Presenting Machinery: Organization, Function, and Defects in Tumor Cells","volume":"105","author":"Leone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00247-z","article-title":"Low neoantigen expression and poor T-cell priming underlie early immune escape in colorectal cancer","volume":"2","author":"Westcott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.5VMR1116-458RRR","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells-a new therapeutic target to overcome resistance to cancer immunotherapy","volume":"102","author":"Chesney","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0175-7","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in cancer immunosuppression\u2014Implications for anticancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Togashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.10.027","article-title":"Therapeutic vaccines for breast cancer: Has the time finally come?","volume":"160","author":"Corti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e21970","article-title":"Advancements in the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review of the Literature","volume":"14","author":"Landry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Rohatgi, A. (2022, August 01). WebPlotDigitizer, 4.5. Available online: https:\/\/automeris.io\/WebPlotDigitizer."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2174\/157488709788186021","article-title":"A general framework for the evaluation of clinical trial quality","volume":"4","author":"Berger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Recent Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., and Munn, Z. (2017). Chapter 3: Systematic reviews of effectiveness. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer\u2019s Manual, The Joanna Briggs Institute. Available online: https:\/\/reviewersmanual.joannabriggs.org\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw150","article-title":"Primary analysis of a prospective, randomized, single-blinded phase II trial evaluating the HER2 peptide AE37 vaccine in breast cancer patients to prevent recurrence","volume":"27","author":"Mittendorf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-020-05638-x","article-title":"Prospective, randomized, single-blinded, multi-center phase II trial of two HER2 peptide vaccines, GP2 and AE37, in breast cancer patients to prevent recurrence","volume":"181","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2012.30.27_suppl.109","article-title":"Early efficacy analysis of the AE37 vaccine in patients with HER2 low-expressing and triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"30","author":"Mittendorf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"S20","article-title":"Final analysis of the phase IIb trial of the HER2 vaccines, AE37 or GP2+GM-CSF versus GM-CSF alone to prevent recurrence in high-risk breast cancer patients","volume":"24","author":"Peace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.622","article-title":"Final pre-specified analysis of the phase II trial of the AE37+GM-CSF vaccine in high risk breast cancer patients to prevent recurrence","volume":"33","author":"Greene","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.638","article-title":"Primary analysis of the prospective, randomized, single-blinded phase II trial of AE37 vaccine versus GM-CSF alone administered in the adjuvant setting to high-risk breast cancer patients","volume":"32","author":"Mittendorf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.3088","article-title":"Subgroup efficacy evaluation of the AE37 HER2 vaccine in breast cancer patients in the adjuvant setting","volume":"35","author":"Peace","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.3005","article-title":"Randomized phase II clinical trial of the anti-HER2 (GP2) vaccine to prevent recurrence in high-risk breast cancer patients: A planned interim analysis","volume":"31","author":"Trappey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108679","article-title":"Subgroup analysis of nelipepimut-S plus GM-CSF combined with trastuzumab versus trastuzumab alone to prevent recurrences in patients with high-risk, HER2 low-expressing breast cancer","volume":"225","author":"Chick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-2741","article-title":"Results of a Randomized Phase IIb Trial of Nelipepimut-S + Trastuzumab versus Trastuzumab to Prevent Recurrences in Patients with High-Risk HER2 Low-Expressing Breast Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Clifton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hickerson, A., Clifton, G.T., Brown, T., Myers, J., Campf, J., Peace, K., Litton, J.K., Murthy, R., Vreeland, T.J., and Hale, D. (2018). Correlation between response and HLA type in a randomized phase IIb trial of NeuVax + trastuzumab in HER2 low-expressing breast cancer patients to prevent recurrence. J. ImmunoTherapy Cancer, 6."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.8_suppl.1","article-title":"Final analysis of nelipepimuts plus gmcsf with trastuzumab versus trastuzumab alone to prevent recurrences in highrisk, her2 lowexpressing breast cancer: A prospective, randomized, blinded, multicenter phase IIB trial","volume":"37","author":"Hickerson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"viii400","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy288.001","article-title":"Pre-specified interim analysis of a randomized phase IIb trial of trastuzumab 1 nelipeptimut-S (NeuVax) vs trastuzumab for the prevention of recurrence demonstrates benefit in triple negative (HER2 low-expressing) breast cancer patients","volume":"29","author":"Hale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P2-09-01","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS18-P2-09-01","article-title":"Subgroups analysis of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, blinded phase 2b trial of trastuzumab + nelipeptimut-S (NeuVax) vs trastuzumab for prevention of recurrence in breast cancer patients","volume":"79","author":"Clifton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.03.018","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the therapeutic cancer vaccine tecemotide (L-BLP25) in early breast cancer: Results from a prospective, randomised, neoadjuvant phase II study (ABCSG 34)","volume":"132","author":"Singer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000342","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000342","article-title":"Globo H-KLH vaccine adagloxad simolenin (OBI-822)\/OBI-821 in patients with metastatic breast cancer: Phase II randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. ImmunoTherapy Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P3-09-15","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS19-P3-09-15","article-title":"A phase 1b study of PVX-410 (PVX) vaccine plus durvalumab (DUR) as adjuvant therapy in HLA-A2+ early stage triple negative breast cancer (eTNBC) to assess safety and immune response","volume":"80","author":"Isakoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P2-14-17","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS21-P2-14-17","article-title":"Abstract P2-14-17: A phase 1b study of PVX-410 vaccine in combination with pembrolizumab in metastatic triple negative breast cancer (mTNBC)","volume":"82","author":"Isakoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.04.010","article-title":"Identification of novel helper epitope peptides of Survivin cancer-associated antigen applicable to developing helper\/killer-hybrid epitope long peptide cancer vaccine","volume":"161","author":"Ohtake","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"LB-153","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-153","article-title":"Abstract LB-153: Introduction of Th1 help by a novel cancer vaccine, helper\/killer hybrid epitope long peptide (H\/K-HELP): From basic to clinical study","volume":"71","author":"Nishimura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R70","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr3685","article-title":"Feasibility study of personalized peptide vaccination for metastatic recurrent triple-negative breast cancer patients","volume":"16","author":"Takahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13046","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e13046","article-title":"Immunological evaluation of personalized peptide vaccination for metastatic breast cancer patients with triple-negative types","volume":"30","author":"Takahashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P5-01-05","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.SABCS13-P5-01-05","article-title":"Personalized peptide vaccines in combination with conventional chemo- or endocrine therapy for metastatic breast cancer: A single-arm phase II study","volume":"73","author":"Toh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13050","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e13050","article-title":"Phase II study of personalized peptide vaccine for refractory breast cancer patients","volume":"30","author":"Toh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14510","article-title":"Early phase II study of mixed 19-peptide vaccine monotherapy for refractory triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"111","author":"Toh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.35.7_suppl.164","article-title":"Feasibility study of multiple HLA-class IA restricted peptide vaccines (KRM-19) for metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)","volume":"35","author":"Toh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15159","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.e15159","article-title":"Multipeptide immunotherapy plus immunogenic chemotherapy in refractory cancer","volume":"36","author":"Matute","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17588359211064653","DOI":"10.1177\/17588359211064653","article-title":"Final results regarding the addition of dendritic cell vaccines to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in early HER2-negative breast cancer patients: Clinical and translational analysis","volume":"13","author":"Santisteban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.08.1149","article-title":"Addition of dendritic cell vaccines to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in HER2 negative breast cancer patients","volume":"31","author":"Urrizola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.34.15_suppl.1081","article-title":"Impact of CD8 stromal lymphocytes in BC patients with the addition of autologous dendritic CELL vaccination to neoadjuvant chemotherapy","volume":"34","author":"Elarre","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P3-05-01","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS17-P3-05-01","article-title":"Abstract P3-05-01: Immune and transcriptional signatures of dendritic dell (DC) vaccination combined with chemotherapy in locally advanced, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients","volume":"78","author":"Palucka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P5-04-10","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS19-P5-04-10","article-title":"Abstract P5-04-10: Immune and transcriptional signatures of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination combined with chemotherapy in locally advanced, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients","volume":"80","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.34.15_suppl.1086","article-title":"Safety and initial clinical efficacy of a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine in locally advanced, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients (pts)","volume":"34","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CT301","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2020-CT301","article-title":"Abstract CT301: A phase Ib study to evaluate RO7198457, an individualized Neoantigen Specific immunoTherapy (iNeST), in combination with atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors","volume":"80","author":"Lopez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1363138","article-title":"Complete regression of cutaneous metastases with systemic immune response in a patient with triple negative breast cancer receiving p53MVA vaccine with pembrolizumab","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-018-1932-2","article-title":"Evaluation of safety and efficacy of p53MVA vaccine combined with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid cancers","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.36.5_suppl.206","article-title":"A phase 1 study of p53MVA vaccine in combination with pembrolizumab","volume":"36","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v130","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz242.053","article-title":"Complete responses in patients with second-line or greater metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) following first-in-human immunotherapy combining NK and T cell activation with off-the-shelf high-affinity CD16 NK cell line (haNK)","volume":"30","author":"Nangia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12566","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.e12566","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunotherapy: An orchestration of immunogenic cell death by overcoming immune suppression and activating NK and T-cell therapy in patients with third line or greater TNBC","volume":"37","author":"Nangia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"TPS463","article-title":"NANT Cancer Vaccine an orchestration of immunogenic cell death by overcoming immune suppression and activating NK and T cell therapy in patients with third line or greater TNBC and head and neck SCC","volume":"6","author":"Carlson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27323","article-title":"Response of a chemo-resistant triple-negative breast cancer patient to a combination of p62-encoding plasmid, Elenagen, and CMF chemotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Ponomarenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53730","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16574","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of p62 DNA vaccine ELENAGEN in a first-in-human trial in patients with advanced solid tumors","volume":"8","author":"Ponomarenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49020","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.49020","article-title":"Antigen presentation and tumor immunogenicity in cancer immunotherapy response prediction","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2470152","article-title":"Studies of the HER-2\/neu Proto-Oncogene in Human Breast and Ovarian Cancer","volume":"244","author":"Godolphin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"GS1-02","article-title":"NSABP B-47 (NRG oncology): Phase III randomized trial comparing adjuvant chemotherapy with adriamycin (A) and cyclophosphamide (C) \u2192 weekly paclitaxel (WP), or docetaxel (T) and C with or without a year of trastuzumab (H) in women with node-positive or high-risk node-negative invasive breast cancer (IBC) expressing HER2 staining intensity of IHC 1+ or 2+ with negative FISH (HER2-Low IBC)","volume":"78","author":"Fehrenbacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacot, W., Maran-Gonzalez, A., Massol, O., Sorbs, C., Mollevi, C., Guiu, S., Boissi\u00e8re-Michot, F., and Ramos, J. (2021). Prognostic Value of HER2-Low Expression in Non-Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Correlation with Other Biomarkers. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13236059"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2057","article-title":"Low expression of HER2 protein in breast cancer is biologically significant","volume":"210","author":"Tovey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2011.616889","article-title":"AE37: A novel T-cell-eliciting vaccine for breast cancer","volume":"11","author":"Sears","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.09.029","article-title":"Circulating regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+FOXP3+) decrease in breast cancer patients after vaccination with a modified MHC class II HER2\/neu (AE37) peptide","volume":"28","author":"Gates","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22936","article-title":"Induction of potent CD4+ T cell-mediated antitumor responses by a helper HER-2\/neu peptide linked to the Ii-Key moiety of the invariant chain","volume":"121","author":"Voutsas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-006-0213-z","article-title":"Ii-Key\/HER-2\/neu(776-790) hybrid peptides induce more effective immunological responses over the native peptide in lymphocyte cultures from patients with HER-2\/neu+ tumors","volume":"56","author":"Sotiriadou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.7842","article-title":"Results of the first phase I clinical trial of the novel II-key hybrid preventive HER-2\/neu peptide (AE37) vaccine","volume":"26","author":"Holmes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-0085","article-title":"Results from a phase I clinical study of the novel Ii-Key\/HER-2\/neu(776-790) hybrid peptide vaccine in patients with prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Perez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-017-5844-0","article-title":"Results of a phase Ib trial of combination immunotherapy with HER2-derived peptide vaccine GP2+ GM-CSF and trastuzumab in breast cancer patients","volume":"24","author":"Clifton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24756","article-title":"Results of the first phase 1 clinical trial of the HER-2\/neu peptide (GP2) vaccine in disease-free breast cancer patients: United States Military Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Group Study I-04","volume":"116","author":"Carmichael","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66192","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11751","article-title":"Primary analysis of a prospective, randomized, single-blinded phase II trial evaluating the HER2 peptide GP2 vaccine in breast cancer patients to prevent recurrence","volume":"7","author":"Mittendorf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-1448","article-title":"Combined clinical trial results of a HER2\/neu (E75) vaccine for the prevention of recurrence in high-risk breast cancer patients: U.S. Military Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Group Study I-01 and I-02","volume":"14","author":"Peoples","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu211","article-title":"Final report of the phase I\/II clinical trial of the E75 (nelipepimut-S) vaccine with booster inoculations to prevent disease recurrence in high-risk breast cancer patients","volume":"25","author":"Mittendorf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-2867","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety Analysis of Nelipepimut-S Vaccine to Prevent Breast Cancer Recurrence: A Randomized, Multicenter, Phase III Clinical Trial","volume":"25","author":"Mittendorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4390","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.27.6360","article-title":"Tumor antigen-targeted, monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy: Clinical response, cellular immunity, and immunoescape","volume":"28","author":"Ferris","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5374","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-2774","article-title":"Trastuzumab Increases HER2 Uptake and Cross-Presentation by Dendritic Cells","volume":"77","author":"Gall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/343774a0","article-title":"Homozygous deletion in Wilms tumours of a zinc-finger gene identified by chromosome jumping","volume":"343","author":"Gessler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"970","article-title":"Expression of the candidate Wilm\u2019s tumor gene, WT1, in human leukemia cells","volume":"7","author":"Miyagi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00733.x","article-title":"Expression of the Wilms\u2019 tumor gene WT1 in solid tumors and its involvement in tumor cell growth","volume":"90","author":"Oji","year":"1999","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res. Gann"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1167","article-title":"High expression of Wilms\u2019 tumor suppressor gene predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer patients","volume":"8","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.3.2289","article-title":"The Wilms\u2019 tumor suppressor gene (wt1) product regulates Dax-1 gene expression during gonadal differentiation","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4662","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00148.x","article-title":"WT1 suppresses synthesis of the epidermal growth factor receptor and induces apoptosis","volume":"14","author":"Englert","year":"1995","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13885","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405884101","article-title":"Induction of WT1 (Wilms\u2019 tumor gene)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by WT1 peptide vaccine and the resultant cancer regression","volume":"101","author":"Oka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6541","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-02-202598","article-title":"A clinical and immunologic phase 2 trial of Wilms tumor gene product 1 (WT1) peptide vaccination in patients with AML and MDS","volume":"113","author":"Keilholz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017014175","article-title":"Phase 2 trial of a multivalent WT1 peptide vaccine (galinpepimut-S) in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"2","author":"Maslak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2021.1928635","article-title":"Galinpepimut-S (GPS): An investigational agent for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"30","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Zhang, Z., Zhang, S., Zhu, P., Ko, J.K.-S., and Yung, K.K.-L. (2021). MUC1: Structure, Function, and Clinic Application in Epithelial Cancers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126567"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.J., Choi, J.R., Tae, N., Wi, T.M., Kim, K.M., Kim, D.H., and Lee, E.S. (2020). Novel Antibodies Targeting MUC1-C Showed Anti-Metastasis and Growth-Inhibitory Effects on Human Breast Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093258"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M.K., and Wall, K.A. (2016). Immunological Evaluation of Recent MUC1 Glycopeptide Cancer Vaccines. Vaccines, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines4030025"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1021\/bc970183n","article-title":"Liposomal formulations of synthetic MUC1 peptides: Effects of encapsulation versus surface display of peptides on immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Guan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70510-2","article-title":"Tecemotide (L-BLP25) versus placebo after chemoradiotherapy for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (START): A randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"15","author":"Butts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2012.158","article-title":"MUC1-C oncoprotein as a target in breast cancer: Activation of signaling pathways and therapeutic approaches","volume":"32","author":"Kufe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)42669-X","article-title":"Characterization of a glycosphingolipid antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody MBr1 expressed in normal and neoplastic epithelial cells of human mammary gland","volume":"259","author":"Bremer","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.4172\/1948-5956.1000215","article-title":"A prevalent cancer associated Glycan, globo H ceramide, induces immunosuppression by reducing Notch1 signaling","volume":"5","author":"Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cancer Sci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6856","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-1651","article-title":"Globo-H ceramide shed from cancer cells triggers translin-associated factor X-dependent angiogenesis","volume":"74","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5710","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5710","article-title":"Carbohydrate vaccines in cancer: Immunogenicity of a fully synthetic globo H hexasaccharide conjugate in man","volume":"96","author":"Slovin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051626298","article-title":"Immunization of metastatic breast cancer patients with a fully synthetic globo H conjugate: A phase I trial","volume":"98","author":"Gilewski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TPS599","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.TPS599","article-title":"Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adagloxad simolenin (OBI-822) and OBI-821 treatment in patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) at high risk for recurrence","volume":"38","author":"Rugo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"OT-13-10","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS20-OT-13-10","article-title":"Abstract OT-13-10: Global Phase 3 Study of Adagloxad Simolenin (OBI-822) and OBI-821 Versus Placebo Treatment for High Risk Early Stage Triple Negative Breast Cancer Patients (TNBC) Following Neoadjuvant or Adjuvant Chemotherapy","volume":"81","author":"Rugo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00947","article-title":"NY-ESO-1 Based Immunotherapy of Cancer: Current Perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1742","article-title":"CDX-1401 combined with TLR agonist: Positive phase 1 results","volume":"8","author":"Riedmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-020-00143-y","article-title":"Flt3 ligand augments immune responses to anti-DEC-205-NY-ESO-1 vaccine through expansion of dendritic cell subsets","volume":"1","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2373","article-title":"Immunotherapy of established (pre)malignant disease by synthetic long peptide vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Melief","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2011.02106.x","article-title":"First clinical trial of cancer vaccine therapy with artificially synthesized helper\/killer-hybrid epitope long peptide of MAGE-A4 cancer antigen","volume":"103","author":"Takahashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/10870","article-title":"Vaccination with carbohydrate peptide mimotopes promotes anti-tumor responses","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-007-0439-4","article-title":"Peptides mimicking GD2 ganglioside elicit cellular, humoral and tumor-protective immune responses in mice","volume":"57","author":"Wondimu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99161","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21959","article-title":"Targeting tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens: A phase I study of a carbohydrate mimetic-peptide vaccine in stage IV breast cancer subjects","volume":"8","author":"Hutchins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxn018","article-title":"Differential influence of the tumour-specific non-human sialic acid containing GM3 ganglioside on CD4+CD25- effector and naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells function","volume":"20","author":"Clavell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.24115","article-title":"NGcGM3\/VSSP vaccine as treatment for melanoma patients","volume":"9","author":"Osorio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.6.9.12571","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of a NeuGcGM3 based cancer vaccine: Results from a controlled study in metastatic breast cancer patients","volume":"6","author":"Mulens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human vaccines"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"5","article-title":"Superior Efficacy and Safety of a Nonemulsive Variant of the NGcGM3\/VSSP Vaccine in Advanced Breast Cancer Patients","volume":"10","author":"Vega","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17442","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7856","article-title":"Concordance of folate receptor-\u03b1 expression between biopsy, primary tumor and metastasis in breast cancer and lung cancer patients","volume":"7","author":"Boogerd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-020-0147-1","article-title":"Folate receptor alpha expression associates with improved disease-free survival in triple negative breast cancer patients","volume":"6","author":"Norton","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"A68","article-title":"The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA): An immeasurable source of knowledge","volume":"19","author":"Tomczak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2161","article-title":"An autoimmune-mediated strategy for prophylactic breast cancer vaccination","volume":"16","author":"Jaini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuohy, V.K., Jaini, R., Johnson, J.M., Loya, M.G., Wilk, D., Downs-Kelly, E., and Mazumder, S. (2016). Targeted Vaccination against Human \u03b1-Lactalbumin for Immunotherapy and Primary Immunoprevention of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers8060056"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TPS1125","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.TPS1125","article-title":"Phase I trial of an alpha-lactalbumin vaccine in patients with moderate- to high-risk operable triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)","volume":"40","author":"Budd","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e183267","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.3267","article-title":"Assessment of Safety and Immunogenicity of PVX-410 Vaccine With or Without Lenalidomide in Patients With Smoldering Multiple Myeloma: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial","volume":"4","author":"Nooka","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TPS1126","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.TPS1126","article-title":"A phase 1b study of safety and immune response to PVX-410 vaccine alone and in combination with durvalumab (MEDI4736) in HLA-A2+ patients following adjuvant therapy for stage 2\/3 triple negative breast cancer","volume":"35","author":"Isakoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/00002371-200401000-00006","article-title":"Vaccination with predesignated or evidence-based peptides for patients with recurrent gynecologic cancers","volume":"27","author":"Tsuda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/00002371-200307000-00008","article-title":"Peptide vaccination for patients with melanoma and other types of cancer based on pre-existing peptide-specific ctotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors in the periphery","volume":"26","author":"Tanaka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5900","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-0559","article-title":"Immunologic Evaluation of Personalized Peptide Vaccination for Patients with Advanced Malignant Glioma","volume":"11","author":"Yajima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.29.7499","article-title":"Phase I Trial of a Personalized Peptide Vaccine for Patients Positive for Human Leukocyte Antigen\u2013A24 With Recurrent or Progressive Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"29","author":"Terasaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2007.00631.x","article-title":"Phase I trial of personalized peptide vaccination for cytokine-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients","volume":"98","author":"Suekane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-009-0695-6","article-title":"Immunological evaluation of personalized peptide vaccination in combination with UFT and UZEL for metastatic colorectal carcinoma patients","volume":"58","author":"Hattori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03174.x","article-title":"Phase I trial of patient-oriented vaccination in HLA-A2-positive patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer","volume":"95","author":"Noguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01481.x","article-title":"Immunological evaluation of CTL precursor-oriented vaccines for advanced lung cancer patients","volume":"94","author":"Mine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01522.x","article-title":"Immunological evaluation of peptide vaccination for patients with gastric cancer based on pre-existing cellular response to peptide","volume":"94","author":"Sato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-1117-3","article-title":"Humoral Responses to Peptides Correlate with Overall Survival in Advanced Cancer Patients Vaccinated with Peptides Based on Pre-existing, Peptide-Specific Cellular Responses","volume":"10","author":"Mine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.10.12.13448","article-title":"Assessment of immunological biomarkers in patients with advanced cancer treated by personalized peptide vaccination","volume":"10","author":"Noguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"795","article-title":"A phase II study of personalized peptide vaccination combined with gemcitabine for non-resectable pancreatic cancer patients","volume":"24","author":"Yanagimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20157","article-title":"Immunological evaluation of individualized peptide vaccination with a low dose of estramustine for HLA-A24+ HRPC patients","volume":"63","author":"Noguchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-015-1660-1","article-title":"Phase I trial of a cancer vaccine consisting of 20 mixed peptides in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer: Dose-related immune boosting and suppression","volume":"64","author":"Noguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CT057","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2018-CT057","article-title":"Abstract CT057: Phase I trial to evaluate the feasibility and safety of an individualized peptide vaccine of unmodified cancer antigens: PepIVAC-01","volume":"78","author":"Haen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1055-6","article-title":"Neoantigen vaccine: An emerging tumor immunotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27877","article-title":"Tumor mutational burden as a predictor of immunotherapy response in breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Tolaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TPS1114","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.TPS1114","article-title":"A randomized phase II study of nab-paclitaxel + durvalumab + neoantigen vaccine versus nab-paclitaxel + durvalumab in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC)","volume":"37","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.50.1.507","article-title":"Dendritic Cell Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"50","author":"Timmerman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13368-y","article-title":"Engineering dendritic cell vaccines to improve cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2017.12.007","article-title":"Re-Emergence of Dendritic Cell Vaccines for Cancer Treatment","volume":"4","author":"Saxena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P2-14-11","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS21-P2-14-11","article-title":"Abstract P2-14-11: Immune response monitoring in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with dendritic cell vaccines","volume":"82","author":"Hato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.585","article-title":"Impact of dendritic cell vaccines added to neoadjuvant CT on pathological complete responses in early breast cancer patients according to PD-L1 expression","volume":"39","author":"Ortego","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"237","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with triple-negative breast cancer after vaccination with autologous dendritic cells loaded with apoptotic heat-shocked tumor antigen: Results from an multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Weifeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cancer Biother."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01335-5","article-title":"mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CT169","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2020-CT169","article-title":"Abstract CT169: A phase Ia study to evaluate RO7198457, an individualized Neoantigen Specific immunoTherapy (iNeST), in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors","volume":"80","author":"Braiteh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CT201","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2015-CT201","article-title":"The Mutanome Engineered RNA Immuno-Therapy (MERIT) project","volume":"75","author":"Heesch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.08.209","article-title":"88MO T-cell responses induced by an individualized neoantigen specific immune therapy in post (neo)adjuvant patients with triple negative breast cancer","volume":"31","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"OT2-06-01","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS18-OT2-06-01","article-title":"Abstract OT2-06-01: Highly innovative personalized RNA-immunotherapy for patients with triple negative breast cancer","volume":"79","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1330236","article-title":"Advancements in DNA vaccine vectors, non-mechanical delivery methods, and molecular adjuvants to increase immunogenicity","volume":"13","author":"Suschak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2016.07.001","article-title":"Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara: History, Value in Basic Research, and Current Perspectives for Vaccine Development","volume":"97","author":"Volz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00961","article-title":"The Roles of Embryonic Transcription Factor BRACHYURY in Tumorigenesis and Progression","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.09.057","article-title":"Brachyury-YAP Regulatory Axis Drives Stemness and Growth in Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-16-0037","article-title":"Brachyury, a vaccine target, is overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003238","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003238","article-title":"Phase 1 open-label trial of intravenous administration of MVA-BN-brachyury-TRICOM vaccine in patients with advanced cancer","volume":"9","author":"DeMaria","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560-e1006","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0932","article-title":"Phase I Trial of a Modified Vaccinia Ankara Priming Vaccine Followed by a Fowlpox Virus Boosting Vaccine Modified to Express Brachyury and Costimulatory Molecules in Advanced Solid Tumors","volume":"25","author":"Collins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"581801","article-title":"Improving the Odds in Advanced Breast Cancer With Combination Immunotherapy: Stepwise Addition of Vaccine, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor, Chemotherapy, and HDAC Inhibitor in Advanced Stage Breast Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Gameiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10933","article-title":"The clonal and mutational evolution spectrum of primary triple-negative breast cancers","volume":"486","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-230X(08)60785-X","article-title":"p53 and human cancer: The first ten thousand mutations","volume":"77","author":"Hainaut","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-3361","article-title":"p53MVA therapy in patients with refractory gastrointestinal malignancies elevates p53-specific CD8+ T-cell responses","volume":"20","author":"Hardwick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70006-2","article-title":"Ipilimumab and a poxviral vaccine targeting prostate-specific antigen in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A phase 1 dose-escalation trial","volume":"13","author":"Madan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00503-y","article-title":"The use of viral vectors in vaccine development","volume":"7","author":"Travieso","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14027","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.e14027","article-title":"Correlation between circulating cell-free RNA biomarkers and response during combination immunotherapy in previously refractory metastatic TNBC patients","volume":"37","author":"Garner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines1030225","article-title":"Vector Design for Improved DNA Vaccine Efficacy, Safety and Production","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.05.023","article-title":"p62 at the Crossroads of Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Cancer","volume":"137","author":"Moscat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-021-00872-4","article-title":"Optimized polyepitope neoantigen DNA vaccines elicit neoantigen-specific immune responses in preclinical models and in clinical translation","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"OT1-01-01","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS15-OT1-01-01","article-title":"Abstract OT1-01-01: A phase I trial of the safety and immunogenicity of a multiple antigen vaccine (STEMVAC) in HER2 negative advanced stage breast cancer patients","volume":"76","author":"Higgins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/1\/146\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:04:42Z","timestamp":1760119482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/1\/146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":175,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines11010146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11010146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]}}}