{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T21:15:57Z","timestamp":1764018957017,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, the novel corona virus infection has continued to witness a growing number of cases since December 2019 when the outbreak was discovered and noted in China. Despite this has not been well studied for the case of COVID-19, human contact, public moveableness and environmental variables could have an impact onairborne\u2019spropagation and virus continuance, such as influenza virus. This study aimed to determine the seasonal variation and geographical distribution of COVID-19 across Nigeria. An internet based archival research design was employed for this study on the seasonal variation and geographical distribution of COVID-19 across Nigeria. This involved the use of goggle mobility data and world map on Corona Virus Infection (COVID-19). The search strategy for getting information for this research was done electronically. The keywords in the case search using the goggle mobility software was \u201cCOVID-19 Update\u201d, \u201cCOVID-19 Update in Nigeria\u201d, \u2018COVID-19 Winter Report\u2019, \u201cCOVID-19 Case Fatality March 2020\u2013July 2021\u201d, \u201cCOVID-19 Case Fatality in Nigeria\u201d. The data gotten from the goggle motor updates were entered into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) which was used in the analysis of the study. Results from the study, reported that official COVID-19 cases number was significantly higher in the Dry season (October 2020\u2013April 2021) with 59.0% (127,213) compared to 41.0% (85,176) in the wet\/rainy season (May\u2013September) it revealed that the dry and rainy seasons had a COVID-19 prevalence of 0.063 and 0.041 respectively. Further results from the study showed that the prevalence of COVID-19 was 0.07% in the North-Central, 0.04% in both the North-East and North-West, 0.03% in the South-West, 0.09% in the South-South, and the highest prevalence of 0.16% in the South-East. Considering the case Fatality rate of COVID-19 during the Dry and Wet Seasons. The study revealed that North-Central had a death toll of 196 (10.4%) out of 9457 confirmed COVID-19 cases hence a fatality of 2.07. Fatality rate of 1.49% in South western Nigeria, South-South Nigeria, 1.49%, South-East accounted to a fatality rate of 1.25%. Nigeria based on the finding of this study records increased fatality in Dry season over wet seasons. The study concluded that prevalence of COVID-19 varies in seasons in Nigeria Hence; further Data and Meteorological analysis on weather variations towards the SARS-CoV-2 Virus spread should be evaluated by future researchers. It is imperative to ensure strict and controlled application of social measures, such as social distancing, mandatory wearing of non-medical masks to prevent droplets from entering the respiratory tract, screening of affected patients along with quarantine is essential to defeat and improve infection control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T05:57:23Z","timestamp":1675058243000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Seasonal Variation and Geographical Distribution of COVID-19 across Nigeria (March 2020\u2013July 2021)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jude Eguolo","family":"Moroh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri 460114, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2463-2681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Chinaecherem","family":"Innocent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri 460114, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4986-6847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uchechukwu Madukaku","family":"Chukwuocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri 460114, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7756-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Advait","family":"Vasavada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MP Shah Medical College, Jamnagar 361008, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9701-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Academy, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8750-1419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Arham","family":"Siddiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi 75510, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1290-4379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Amir","family":"Rais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of Algiers, University of Algiers, Alger Ctre 16000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali A.","family":"Rabaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyad 11533, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wafa M.","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Molecular Microbiology and Cytogenetics Department, Riyadh 11425, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Areej M.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Molecular Microbiology and Cytogenetics Department, Riyadh 11425, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Binateeq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Molecular Microbiology and Cytogenetics Department, Riyadh 11425, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad A.","family":"Halwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, AlBaha University, AlBaha 65528, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6693-4525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tareq","family":"Al-Ahdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimerfeld130\/3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2828-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bijaya Kumar","family":"Padhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2695-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjit","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"},{"name":"Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). Temperature, Humidity, and Latitude Analysis to Estimate Potential Spread and Seasonality of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Report."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021). Center for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 variants in several environment: Millions left Wuhan before quarantine. CDC Rep., 223."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2021). 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