{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:25:49Z","timestamp":1792513549871,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), a neglected vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasite Leishmania major (L. major), is a major public health concern, and the development of new strategies to reduce the disease incidence has become a top priority. Advances in immunoinformatics and in-silico epitope prediction could be a promising approach to designing a finest vaccine candidate. In this study, we aimed to design a peptide-based vaccine against CL using computational tools and identified ten B-cell-derived T-cell epitopes from the glycoprotein gp63 of L. major. All of the potential immunodominant epitopes were used to design a vaccine construct along with a linker and an adjuvant at the N-terminal for enhancing its immunogenicity. Additionally, many characteristics of the proposed vaccine were examined, and it was confirmed to be non-allergenic, non-toxic, and thermally stable. To assess the vaccine interaction with the innate immune toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), a 3D structure of the vaccine construct was developed. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation were used to confirm the binding and to assess the stability of the vaccine-TLR4 complex and interactions, respectively. In conclusion, our multi-epitope vaccine will provide a gateway to analyze the protein function of a potential vaccine candidate against CL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T02:35:10Z","timestamp":1675391710000},"page":"339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Immunoinformatics Approach to Design a Multi-Epitope Vaccine against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8088-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shumaila","family":"Naz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiman","family":"Aroosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3058-9971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayse","family":"Caner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Turkey Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esra Atalay","family":"\u015eahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Turkey Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seray","family":"Toz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Ozbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4998-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumra Wajid","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4310","article-title":"Diagnosis of leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"JIDC"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"153","article-title":"The contribution of immune evasive mechanisms to parasite persistence in visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Leoratti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. 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