{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T23:04:56Z","timestamp":1781046296735,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]],"date-time":"2023-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant loss of life and severe disability, justifying the expedited testing and approval of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. While found to be safe and effective, there have been increasing reports of myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine administration. The acute events have been severe enough to require admission to the intensive care unit in some, but most patients fully recover with only rare deaths reported. The pathways involved in the development of vaccine-associated myocarditis are highly dependent on the specific vaccine. COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis is believed to be primarily caused by uncontrolled cytokine-mediated inflammation with possible genetic components in the interleukin-6 signaling pathway. There is also a potential autoimmune component via molecular mimicry. Many of these pathways are similar to those seen in viral myocarditis, indicating a common pathophysiology. There is concern for residual cardiac fibrosis and increased risk for the development of cardiomyopathies later in life. This is of particular interest for patients with congenital heart defects who are already at increased risk for fibrotic cardiomyopathies. Though the risk for vaccine-associated myocarditis is important to consider, the risk of viral myocarditis and other injury is far greater with COVID-19 infection. Considering these relative risks, it is still recommended that the general public receive vaccination against COVID-19, and it is particularly important for congenital heart defect patients to receive vaccination for COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T03:34:30Z","timestamp":1675654470000},"page":"362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Myocarditis and Viral Myocarditis Pathology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kamron Reza","family":"Hamedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, 607 Grove Rd, Greenville, SC 29605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gannett","family":"Loftus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6311 Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC 29209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5684-2176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawson","family":"Traylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, 607 Grove Rd, Greenville, SC 29605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2537-2535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, 607 Grove Rd, Greenville, SC 29605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Arce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, 607 Grove Rd, Greenville, SC 29605, USA"},{"name":"Prisma Health Cancer Institute, Prisma Health System, 890 W Faris Rd Suite 320, Greenville, SC 29605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, November 22). 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