{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T14:23:55Z","timestamp":1774794235731,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID-20-15-00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID-20-15-00148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A neonatal vaccination against the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was initiated in Russia 20 years ago, with catch-up immunization for adolescents and adults under the age of 60 years launched in 2006. Here, we have assessed the humoral immunity to HBV in different regions of Russia, as well as the infection frequency following 20 years of a nationwide vaccination campaign. We have also evaluated the role of immune-escape variants in continuing HBV circulation. A total of 36,149 healthy volunteers from nine regions spanning the Russian Federation from west to east were tested for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to HBV capsid protein (anti-HBc), and antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs). HBV sequences from 481 chronic Hepatitis B patients collected from 2018\u20132022 were analyzed for HBsAg immune-escape variants, compared with 205 sequences obtained prior to 2010. Overall, the HBsAg detection rate was 0.8%, with this level significantly exceeded only in one study region, the Republic of Dagestan (2.4%, p &lt; 0.0001). Among the generation vaccinated at birth, the average HBsAg detection rate was below 0.3%, ranging from 0% to 0.7% depending on the region. The anti-HBc detection rate in subjects under 20 years was 7.4%, indicating ongoing HBV circulation. The overall proportion of participants under 20 years with vaccine-induced HBV immunity (anti-HBs positive, anti-HBc negative) was 41.7% but below 10% in the Tuva Republic and below 25% in the Sverdlovsk and Kaliningrad regions. The overall prevalence of immune-escape HBsAg variants was 25.2% in sequences obtained from 2018\u20132022, similar to the prevalence of 25.8% in sequences collected prior to 2010 (p &gt; 0.05). The population dynamics of immune-escape variants predicted by Bayesian analysis have remained stable over the last 20 years, indicating the absence of vaccine-driven positive selection. In contrast, the wild-type HBV population size experienced a rapid decrease starting in the mid-1990s, following the introduction of mass immunization, but it subsequently began to recover, reaching pre-vaccination levels by 2020. Taken together, these data indicate that it is gaps in vaccination, and not virus evolution, that may be responsible for the continued virus circulation despite 20 years of mass vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T02:41:56Z","timestamp":1676342516000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Post-Vaccination and Post-Infection Immunity to the Hepatitis B Virus and Circulation of Immune-Escape Variants in the Russian Federation 20 Years after the Start of Mass Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1838-8037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fedor A.","family":"Asadi Mobarkhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Socially Significant Viral Infections, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2296-6151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor A.","family":"Manuylov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6013-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia A.","family":"Karlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Scientific and Educational Resource Center for High-Performance Methods of Genomic Analysis, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7838-6965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera S.","family":"Kichatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Socially Significant Viral Infections, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7559-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya A.","family":"Potemkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Socially Significant Viral Infections, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Lopatukhina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Isaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Socially Significant Viral Infections, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugeniy V.","family":"Mullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena P.","family":"Mazunina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2269-1469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeniia N.","family":"Bykonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis A.","family":"Kleymenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liubov I.","family":"Popova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir A.","family":"Gushchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artem P.","family":"Tkachuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Saryglar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 667003 Kyzyl, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina E.","family":"Kravchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Kazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Snezhana S.","family":"Sleptsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Institute, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, 677010 Yakutsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor V.","family":"Romanenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Ural State Medical University, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna V.","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases under Health Ministry of Khabarovsk Region, 680031 Khabarovsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4379-6243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey A.","family":"Solonin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine of the Moscow Health Department, 129090 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6686-9011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatyana A.","family":"Semenenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikhail I.","family":"Mikhailov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Socially Significant Viral Infections, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3599-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen K.","family":"Kyuregyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Socially Significant Viral Infections, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Scientific and Educational Resource Center for High-Performance Methods of Genomic Analysis, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2016). 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