{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T08:59:42Z","timestamp":1782809982287,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for research and innovation","award":["ISP22-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISP22-20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study focused on demonstrating the induction of humoral and cell-mediated immunity through the establishment of a cytokine network. We hypothesized the anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory, and IgE antibody levels after vaccination with lyophilized recombinant HBsAg-loaded docosahexaenoic acid nanovesicles (LRPDNV), and the efficacy compared well with standard commercial recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. The cytokine network was efficiently regulated by striking a balance between pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8R, and IL-12 and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-\u03b3 immune response on the 14th and 30th day after primary and booster immunization. The acute phase protein CRP level was increased due to IL-6 after immunizing with LRPDNV. On the other hand, the IgE level was not significantly increased to induce any allergic reactions after immunization with LRPDNV. The study concluded that after immunizing with LRPDNV, a significant immunological response was established, implying that DHA nanovesicles have significant potential as an adjuvant method for delivering recombinant HBsAg protein. On the other hand, following immunization with LRPDNV, the IgE level was not noticeably elevated enough to cause any adverse reactions. The study concludes that a robust immune response was developed after immunizing with LRPDNV and suggests that DHA nanovesicles have much potential to deliver recombinant HBsAg protein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T05:11:29Z","timestamp":1676524289000},"page":"457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Induction of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response against Recombinant HBsAg Protein Entrapped in Docosahexaenoic Acid Nanovesicles through Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Ali","family":"Bakkari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4860-0166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sivakumar S.","family":"Moni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9888-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad H.","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5139-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama A.","family":"Madkhali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8385-6693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosif","family":"Almoshari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Firoz","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Eltaib","family":"Elmobark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hepatitis, B. 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