{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T02:30:37Z","timestamp":1781577037590,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 has become a significant public health concern that has catastrophic consequences for society. Some preliminary evidence suggests that the male reproductive system may be an infection target for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 may be transmitted sexually, according to preliminary research. Testicular cells exhibit a high level of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which enhances the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. Some instances of COVID-19 have been documented to exhibit hypogonadism during the acute stage. Furthermore, systemic inflammatory reactions triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause oxidative stress (OS), which has been shown to have profoundly deleterious consequences on testicular functioning. This work gives a clear picture of how COVID-19 may affect male reproductive systems and calls attention to the many unanswered questions about the mechanisms by which this virus can be linked to men\u2019s health and fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T03:25:56Z","timestamp":1677122756000},"page":"510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Insights into the Scenario of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Male Reproductive Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2774-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anirban","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1638-5606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uddesh","family":"Wanjari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0780-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abilash","family":"Gopalakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Kannampuzha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reshma","family":"Murali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arunraj","family":"Namachivayam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3060-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raja","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaviyarasi","family":"Renu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5750-0802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhijit","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balachandar","family":"Vellingiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine\/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2486-5290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Prabakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1 Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Srivilliputhur Main Road, Sivakasi 626124, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"869","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome: Historical, epidemiologic, and clinical features","volume":"33","author":"Hui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13210","article-title":"Could SARS-CoV-2 infection affect male fertility and sexuality?","volume":"130","author":"Finocchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-020-09944-5","article-title":"The natural history, pathobiology, and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"15","author":"Machhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-021-2395-1","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19 Virology, Vaccines, Variants, and Therapeutics","volume":"41","author":"Forchette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13791","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13791","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 and other viruses on reproductive health","volume":"52","author":"Batiha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00441-x","article-title":"Testicular Atrophy and Hypothalamic Pathology in COVID-19: Possibility of the Incidence of Male Infertility and HPG Axis Abnormalities","volume":"28","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, C., Li, K., Ding, Y., Lu, W., and Wang, J. (2020). ACE2 expression in kidney and testis may cause kidney and testis damage after 2019-nCoV infection. MedRxiv, Available online: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.02.12.20022418v1.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.12.20022418"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9472","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15541","article-title":"The ACE2 expression in Sertoli cells and germ cells may cause male reproductive disorder after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selvam, M.K.P., and Sikka, S.C. (2022). Role of endocrine disruptors in male infertility and impact of COVID-19 on male reproduction. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-89773-0.00059-X"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2020.1807930","article-title":"Effect of serum total testosterone and its relationship with other laboratory parameters on the prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in SARS-CoV-2 infected male patients: A cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Saylam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.11.007","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Affects Male Reproductive Hormone Levels: A Prospective, Cohort Study","volume":"18","author":"Kadihasanoglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.200134","article-title":"Male Fertility and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic RevFiew of the Literature","volume":"38","author":"Khalili","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Mens Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.044776","article-title":"Orchitis: A complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"74","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002769","article-title":"Orchiepididymitis in a boy with COVID-19","volume":"39","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2011.01.010","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and signalling in spermatogenesis and testicular responses to inflammation\u2014A perspective","volume":"88","author":"Hedger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrsm.jcrsm_29_20","article-title":"Prospects in Immunomodulatory activity of Amphotericin B in viral infection: Promising developing therapeutic branch","volume":"6","author":"Ayit","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Curr. Res. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4103\/jmms.jmms_72_20","article-title":"Immunological prospects of tamoxifen as modern antiviral therapy","volume":"22","author":"Falah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mar. Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30920-X","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: Observations and hypotheses","volume":"395","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sengupta, P., and Dutta, S. (2021). COVID-19 and hypogonadism: Secondary immune responses rule-over endocrine mechanisms. Hum. Fertil., 1\u20136. Available online: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/14647273.2020.1867902?journalCode=ihuf20.","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2020.1867902"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2021.03.004","article-title":"Testosterone\u2019s Role in COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Auerbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25681","article-title":"Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30360-3","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: A retrospective review of medical records","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4103\/injms.injms_98_21","article-title":"COVID19 and non culturable bacteria: A plausible association","volume":"12","author":"Kadim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Spec."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13912","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13912","article-title":"Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in semen samples and the effects of COVID-19 on male sexual health by using semen analysis and serum male hormone profile: A cross-sectional, pilot study","volume":"53","author":"Temiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2311.171049","article-title":"The breadth of viruses in human semen","volume":"23","author":"Salam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13140","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13140","article-title":"Viral threat to male fertility","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4103\/2305-0500.341111","article-title":"A scoping review of SARS-CoV-2 and male infertility: Concerns and future prospects","volume":"11","author":"Ayit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0688-y","article-title":"Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses","volume":"5","author":"Letko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1843","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0504","article-title":"The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: Estimation and application","volume":"172","author":"Lauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus\u2013infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2006.03.001","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in lung diseases","volume":"6","author":"Kuba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21656","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics","volume":"81","author":"Gurwitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0530-3","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: The perspectives on immune responses","volume":"27","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.05.013","article-title":"Sex hormones and novel corona virus infectious disease (COVID-19)","volume":"Volume 95","author":"Urban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.032","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is likely to be androgen mediated","volume":"83","author":"Wambier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-1010","article-title":"The Androgen-Regulated Protease TMPRSS2 Activates a Proteolytic Cascade Involving Components of the Tumor Microenvironment and Promotes Prostate Cancer MetastasisTMPRSS2 Influences Prostate Cancer Metastasis","volume":"4","author":"Lucas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"S145","article-title":"Androgens in SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infections","volume":"70","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02202-13","article-title":"TMPRSS2 and ADAM17 cleave ACE2 differentially and only proteolysis by TMPRSS2 augments entry driven by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein","volume":"88","author":"Heurich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13098","article-title":"COVID-19 and male infertility: An update","volume":"10","author":"Aitken","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.5.e1","article-title":"A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme\u2013related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1\u20139","volume":"87","author":"Donoghue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33238","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M002615200","article-title":"A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme: Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase","volume":"275","author":"Tipnis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0001","article-title":"Newly recognized components of the renin-angiotensin system: Potential roles in cardiovascular and renal regulation","volume":"24","author":"Carey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.307708","article-title":"Role of the ACE2\/angiotensin 1\u20137 axis of the renin\u2013angiotensin system in heart failure","volume":"118","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.15190\/d.2021.10","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 effect on male infertility and its possible pathophysiological mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Agolli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Discoveries"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-010-9264-8","article-title":"Angiotensin (1\u20137) and its receptor Mas are expressed in the human testis: Implications for male infertility","volume":"41","author":"Reis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.04.065","article-title":"Expression of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor, and TMPRSS2 in Prostate Epithelial Cells","volume":"78","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563893","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.563893","article-title":"ACE2 expression in kidney and testis may cause kidney and testis infection in COVID-19 patients","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., and Xu, X. (2020). scRNA-seq profiling of human testes reveals the presence of the ACE2 receptor, a target for SARS-CoV-2 infection in spermatogonia, Leydig and Sertoli cells. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202002.0299.v1"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21071","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141021071","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzymes play a dominant role in fertility","volume":"14","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0970115","article-title":"Control of testicular vasomotion by testosterone and tubular factors in rats","volume":"97","author":"Colin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa080","article-title":"ACE2 receptor expression in testes: Implications in coronavirus disease 2019 pathogenesis","volume":"103","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8338","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M105044200","article-title":"Regulation of the epithelial sodium channel by serine proteases in human airways","volume":"277","author":"Donaldson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613388","article-title":"Endothelial cell serine proteases expressed during vascular morphogenesis and angiogenesis","volume":"89","author":"Aimes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090665","article-title":"TMPRSS2, a serine protease expressed in the prostate on the apical surface of luminal epithelial cells and released into semen in prostasomes, is misregulated in prostate cancer cells","volume":"176","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.12.033","article-title":"The impact of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 on male reproduction and men\u2019s health","volume":"115","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2021.12.025","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on Male Fertility","volume":"164","author":"Collins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00604-5","article-title":"Pathological and molecular examinations of postmortem testis biopsies reveal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the testis and spermatogenesis damage in COVID-19 patients","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.210055","article-title":"COVID-19 endothelial dysfunction can cause erectile dysfunction: Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of the human penis","volume":"39","author":"Kresch","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13003","article-title":"Mask up to keep it up\u201d: Preliminary evidence of the association between erectile dysfunction and COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Sansone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sengupta, P., Dutta, S., Roychoudhury, S., D\u2019Souza, U.J.A., Govindasamy, K., and Kolesarova, A. (2022). COVID-19, Oxidative Stress and Male Reproduction: Possible Role of Antioxidants. Antioxidants, 11, (In English).","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030548"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-20-0382","article-title":"COVID-19 and male reproductive function: A prospective, longitudinal cohort study","volume":"161","author":"Maleki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612827666210222113351","article-title":"The Association of Respiratory Viruses with Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants. Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"27","author":"Darenskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/2090598X.2019.1599624","article-title":"Oxidative stress and sperm function: A systematic review on evaluation and management","volume":"17","author":"Dutta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2020.1787376","article-title":"Does SARS-CoV-2 infection cause sperm DNA fragmentation? Possible link with oxidative stress","volume":"25","author":"Sengupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.04.019","article-title":"Oxidative stress as key player in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection","volume":"51","author":"Mesta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.03.044","article-title":"Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses","volume":"526","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12005","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC","volume":"495","author":"Raj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1739565","article-title":"Emerging COVID-19 coronavirus: Glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glycoprotein and its interaction with human CD26","volume":"9","author":"Vankadari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0331-4","article-title":"Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: A key role for monocytes and macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Merad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.012989","article-title":"Immunophysiology and pathology of inflammation in the testis and epididymis","volume":"32","author":"Hedger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-020-02364-6","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE-2, is expressed on many different cell types: Implications for ACE-inhibitor-and angiotensin II receptor blocker-based cardiovascular therapies","volume":"15","author":"AAlbini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-021-00769-x","article-title":"High levels of Von Willebrand factor markers in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Rostami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01290-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection, male fertility and sperm cryopreservation: A position statement of the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS)(Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Andrologia e Medicina della Sessualit\u00e0)","volume":"43","author":"Corona","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100604","article-title":"Impaired spermatogenesis in COVID-19 patients","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2013(Sup01)09","article-title":"Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism revisited","volume":"68","author":"Fraietta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2011.01163.x","article-title":"Beneficial effect of tamoxifen on sperm recovery in infertile men with nonobstructive azoospermia","volume":"44","author":"Moein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00141.x","article-title":"The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin-based hormonal therapy on intratesticular testosterone levels and spermatogonial DNA synthesis in men with non-obstructive azoospermia","volume":"1","author":"Shinjo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11485.x","article-title":"Optimization of spermatogenesis-regulating hormones in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia and its impact on sperm retrieval: A multicentre study","volume":"111","author":"Hussein","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-019-02091-8","article-title":"Hormonal stimulation of spermatogenesis: A new way to treat the infertile male with non-obstructive azoospermia?","volume":"51","author":"Laursen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem190","article-title":"Optimal management of extreme oligozoospermia by an appropriate cryopreservation programme","volume":"22","author":"Koscinski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"164","article-title":"Methods of surgical sperm extraction and implications for assisted reproductive technology success","volume":"61","author":"Miyaoka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Panminerva Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2012.197","article-title":"Insight into oxidative stress in varicocele-associated male infertility: Part 1","volume":"9","author":"Agarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.169562","article-title":"Outcome of varicocele repair in men with nonobstructive azoospermia: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Esteves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.08.043","article-title":"Induction of spermatogenesis in azoospermic men after varicocelectomy repair: An update","volume":"85","author":"Pasqualotto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)63744-3","article-title":"Partial obstruction, not antisperm antibodies, causing infertility after vasovasostomy","volume":"159","author":"Carbone","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2018.07.092","article-title":"The kinetics of sperm return and late failure following vasovasostomy or vasoepididymostomy: A systematic review","volume":"201","author":"Farber","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322011000800026","article-title":"Surgical treatment of male infertility in the era of intracytoplasmic sperm injection\u2013new insights","volume":"66","author":"Esteves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110195","article-title":"New understanding of the damage of SARS-CoV-2 infection outside the respiratory system","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0443","article-title":"The novel angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) homolog, ACE2, is selectively expressed by adult Leydig cells of the testis","volume":"145","author":"Douglas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa050","article-title":"Absence of 2019 novel coronavirus in semen and testes of COVID-19 patients","volume":"103","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0754-0","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"410","article-title":"Role of changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the interaction with the human ACE2 receptor: An in silico analysis","volume":"19","author":"Ortega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Excli. J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110083","article-title":"The hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 affects male reproductive ability by regulating autophagy","volume":"143","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00341-w","article-title":"Coronavirus: Why Men are More Vulnerable to Covid-19 Than Women?","volume":"2","author":"Bwire","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Compr. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-20-900","article-title":"The testis in patients with COVID-19: Virus reservoir or immunization resource?","volume":"9","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06881-z","article-title":"Testicular endothelial cells are a critical population in the germline stem cell niche","volume":"9","author":"Bhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-021-00542-5","article-title":"Implications of testicular ACE2 and the renin-angiotensin system for SARS-CoV-2 on testis function","volume":"19","author":"Edenfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aitken, R.J., Drevet, J.R., Moazamian, A., and Gharagozloo, P. (2022). Male Infertility and Oxidative Stress: A Focus on the Underlying Mechanisms. Antioxidants, 11, (In English).","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020306"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677701","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.677701","article-title":"Effect of COVID-19 on male reproductive system\u2014A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13883","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13883","article-title":"Potential mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 action on male gonadal function and fertility: Current status and future prospects","volume":"53","author":"Haghpanah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.10.022","article-title":"Sperm quality and absence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in semen after COVID-19 infection: A prospective, observational study and validation of the SpermCOVID test","volume":"117","author":"Donders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0968-3","article-title":"Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wettstein, L., Kirchhoff, F., and M\u00fcnch, J. (2022). The Transmembrane Protease TMPRSS2 as a Therapeutic Target for COVID-19 Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23, (In English).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031351"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.04.479","article-title":"Androgen-deprivation therapies for prostate cancer and risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2: A population-based study (N = 4532)","volume":"31","author":"Montopoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4068","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24342-y","article-title":"The antiandrogen enzalutamide downregulates TMPRSS2 and reduces cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells","volume":"12","author":"Leach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s43042-021-00134-3","article-title":"Analysis of the androgen receptor (AR) gene in a cohort of Indonesian undermasculinized 46, XY DSD patients","volume":"22","author":"Listyasari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2014.18","article-title":"Androgen receptor: Structure, role in prostate cancer and drug discovery","volume":"36","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15090","article-title":"Androgens and COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Derm."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"116","article-title":"The relationship between testosterone and molecular markers of inflammation in older men","volume":"28","author":"Maggio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobjer, J., Katrinaki, M., Tsatsanis, C., Giwercman, Y.L., and Giwercman, A. (2013). Negative association between testosterone concentration and inflammatory markers in young men: A nested cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 8, (In English).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061466"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105272","article-title":"No credible evidence for links between 2D:4D and COVID-19 outcomes: A probabilistic perspective on digit ratio, ACE variants, and national case fatalities","volume":"152","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13455","article-title":"Racial variations in COVID-19 deaths may be due to androgen receptor genetic variants associated with prostate cancer and androgenetic alopecia. Are anti-androgens a potential treatment for COVID-19?","volume":"19","author":"McCoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Derm."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00152","article-title":"Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s43042-019-0031-4","article-title":"Hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovarian syndrome and role of CYP gene variants: A review","volume":"20","author":"Ashraf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyrou, I., Karteris, E., Robbins, T., Chatha, K., Drenos, F., and Randeva, H.S. (2020). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and COVID-19: An overlooked female patient population at potentially higher risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01697-5"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000005","article-title":"Cause of androgenic alopecia: Crux of the matter","volume":"1","author":"Ustuner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"S187","article-title":"11-Keto-testosterone and other androgens of adrenal origin","volume":"69","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13097","article-title":"Testosterone in males with COVID-19: A 7-month cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Salonia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03086-z","article-title":"Screening for low testosterone is needed for early identification and treatment of men at high risk of mortality from Covid-19","volume":"24","author":"Rowland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.09.013","article-title":"COVID-19 Infection in Men on Testosterone Replacement Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Rambhatla","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12836","article-title":"Worse progression of COVID-19 in men: Is testosterone a key factor?","volume":"9","author":"Giagulli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12821","article-title":"Low testosterone levels predict clinical adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients","volume":"9","author":"Rastrelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gusev, E., Sarapultsev, A., Solomatina, L., and Chereshnev, V. (2022). SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23, (In English).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031716"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01648","article-title":"Cytokine Storm in COVID-19-Immunopathological Mechanisms, Clinical Considerations, and Therapeutic Approaches: The REPROGRAM Consortium Position Paper","volume":"11","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00536-9","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and immunothrombosis as key pathogenic mechanisms in COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Bonaventura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557235","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.557235","article-title":"Pre-Existing Cytokine and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Increased Vascular Permeability in Diabetes: A Possible Fatal Link with Worst COVID-19 Infection Outcomes?","volume":"11","author":"Lambadiari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markiewicz-Gospodarek, A., Wdowiak, P., Czeczelewski, M., Forma, A., Flieger, J., Januszewski, J., Radzikowska-B\u00fcchner, E., and Baj, J. (2021). The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Fertility and Female and Male Reproductive Systems. J. Clin. Med., 10, (In English).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194520"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13712","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13712","article-title":"Could SARS-CoV-2 affect male fertility?","volume":"52","author":"Vishvkarma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq009","article-title":"Low serum testosterone levels are associated with increased risk of mortality in a population-based cohort of men aged 20\u201379","volume":"31","author":"Haring","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Bai, T., Beck, S., Stanelle-Bertram, S., Chen, T., Dong, J., Yang, J., Wang, L., Wang, D., and Shu, Y. (2020). Low testosterone and high cytokine levels correlate with lethal H7N9 infections in men: A retrospective cohort study from 98 H7N9 patients. Europe PMC, Available online: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/node\/80307.full.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.07.20093914"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154252","article-title":"Commentary: Testosterone, a key hormone in the context of COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"108","author":"Pozzilli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12839","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in the semen: Where does it come from?","volume":"9","author":"Massarotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.866675","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and Male Infertility: Could Connexin and Pannexin Play a Role?","volume":"13","author":"Omolaoye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2010.12.003","article-title":"Histological and ultrastructural changes in the adult male albino rat testes following chronic crude garlic consumption","volume":"193","author":"Abdelmalik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Anat. Anat. Anz."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7682060","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7682060","article-title":"Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Profile, Oxidative Status, and Fertility Traits in Male Japanese Quail Fed on Ginger (<i>Zingiber officinale<\/i>, Roscoe) Essential Oil","volume":"2018","author":"Herve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"301","article-title":"Grape juice concentrate (G8000\u00ae) intake mitigates testicular morphological and ultrastructural damage following cadmium intoxication","volume":"96","author":"Lamas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley Online Libr."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"337","article-title":"Protective effect of green tea extract on the deltamethrin-induced toxicity in mice testis: An experimental study","volume":"17","author":"Bagherpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"638","article-title":"Effect of Adding Selenium-enriched Dried Algae to Ration on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Male Barki Sheep","volume":"21","author":"Ghobashy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"e13394","article-title":"The role of propolis against paclitaxel-induced oligospermia, sperm abnormality, oxidative stress and DNA damage in testes of male rats","volume":"52","author":"Said","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wiley Online Libr."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.09.045","article-title":"Mucuna pruriens improves male fertility by its action on the hypothalamus\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis","volume":"92","author":"Shukla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2017.11.007","article-title":"Role of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) in the management of male infertility","volume":"36","author":"Sengupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. BioMedicine Online"},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"26","article-title":"Spermatogenic activity of rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn in male rats","volume":"1","author":"Chauhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Res. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mefs.2016.12.004","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in Cannabis sativa-associated spermatotoxicity: Evidence for ameliorative effect of combined but not separate melatonin and vitamin C","volume":"22","author":"Alagbonsi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Middle East Fertil. Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2010.7","article-title":"Eurycoma longifolia Jack in managing idiopathic male infertility","volume":"12","author":"Tambi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, L., Xie, W., Li, D., Shi, L., Mao, Y., Xiong, Y., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, M. (2020). Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection upon male gonadal function: A single center-based study. MedRxiv, Available online: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.03.21.20037267v2.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.21.20037267"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00261-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and Male Infertility: Possible Multifaceted Pathology","volume":"28","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"e13909","article-title":"COVID-19 pneumonia causes lower testosterone levels","volume":"53","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2021.09.002","article-title":"The Epidemic of COVID-19-Related Erectile Dysfunction: A Scoping Review and Health Care Perspective","volume":"10","author":"Hsieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14614","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.23.14614-14621.2005","article-title":"ACE2 receptor expression and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection depend on differentiation of human airway epithelia","volume":"79","author":"Jia","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1729071","article-title":"Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: Implication of multiple shedding routes","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12825","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 presence in seminal fluid: Myth or reality","volume":"9","author":"Paoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shastri, A., Wheat, J., Agrawal, S., Chaterjee, N., Pradhan, K., Goldfinger, M., Kornblum, N., Steidl, U., Verma, A., and Shastri, J. (2020). Delayed clearance of SARS-CoV2 in male compared to female patients: High ACE2 expression in testes suggests possible existence of gender-specific viral reservoirs. MedRxiv, Available online: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.04.16.20060566v1.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.16.20060566"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"217","article-title":"Clinical pathology and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s43043-021-00063-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and human semen: Possible modes of contamination and transmission","volume":"26","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Middle East Fertil. Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29401","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029401","article-title":"COVID-19 and male infertility: An overview of the disease","volume":"101","author":"Malki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-020-00893-4","article-title":"Deploying Biomolecules as Anti-COVID-19 Agents","volume":"60","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632017726261","article-title":"Structural evaluation of the peritubular sheath of rat\u2019s testes after administration of ribavirin: A possible impact on the testicular function","volume":"30","author":"Almasry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(01)00308-4","article-title":"Ribavirin-induced sperm shape abnormalities in Wistar rat","volume":"513","author":"Narayana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"1565","article-title":"Post interferon therapy decreases male fertility through gonadotoxic effect","volume":"31","author":"Bukhari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piscoya, A., Ng-Sueng, L.F., Parra Del Riego, A., Cerna-Viacava, R., Pasupuleti, V., Roman, Y.M., Thota, P., White, C.M., and Hernandez, A.V. (2020). Efficacy and harms of remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.26.20109595"},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"51","article-title":"Lopinavir\/Ritonavir, an Antiretroviral Drug, Lowers Sperm Quality and Induces Testicular Oxidative Damage in Rats","volume":"40","author":"Adaramoye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tokai J. Exp. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00170","article-title":"Use of Corticosteroids in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"7","author":"Veronese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)59727-X","article-title":"Influence of antibiotics on spermatogenesis","volume":"112","author":"Timmermans","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788321","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.788321","article-title":"An Update on the Relationship of SARS-CoV-2 and Male Reproduction","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12090996","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000}}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/3\/510\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T14:19:46Z","timestamp":1754230786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/3\/510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines11030510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11030510","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/vaccines12090996","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]}}}