{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:23:22Z","timestamp":1780583002288,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000276","name":"Department of Health and Social Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/R019975\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/R019975\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bacterium Coxiella burnetii can cause the disease Q-fever in a wide range of animal hosts. Ruminants, including sheep, are thought to play a pivotal role in the transmission of C. burnetii to humans; however, the only existing livestock vaccine, namely, Coxevac\u00ae (Ceva Animal Health Ltd., Libourne, France), a killed bacterin vaccine based on phase I C. burnetii strain Nine-Mile, is only approved for use in goats and cattle. In this study, a pregnant ewe challenge model was used to determine the protective effects of Coxevac\u00ae and an experimental bacterin vaccine based on phase II C. burnetii against C. burnetii challenge. Prior to mating, ewes (n = 20 per group) were vaccinated subcutaneously with either Coxevac\u00ae, the phase II vaccine, or were unvaccinated. A subset of pregnant ewes (n = 6) from each group was then challenged 151 days later (~100 days of gestation) with 106 infectious mouse doses of C. burnetii, Nine-Mile strain RSA493. Both vaccines provided protection against C. burnetii challenge as measured by reductions in bacterial shedding in faeces, milk and vaginal mucus, and reduced abnormal pregnancies, compared to unvaccinated controls. This work highlights that the phase I vaccine Coxevac\u00ae can protect ewes against C. burnetii infection. Furthermore, the phase II vaccine provided comparable levels of protection and may offer a safer and cost-effective alternative to the currently licensed vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T03:25:56Z","timestamp":1677122756000},"page":"511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Efficacy of Phase I and Phase II Coxiella burnetii Bacterin Vaccines in a Pregnant Ewe Challenge Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Williams-Macdonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mairi","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Frew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0162-669X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Palarea-Albaladejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, JCMB, The King\u2019s Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ewing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, JCMB, The King\u2019s Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T.","family":"Golde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0086-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Longbottom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4965-5396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alasdair J.","family":"Nisbet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morag","family":"Livingstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare M.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen F.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Buus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9379-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemieke","family":"Dinkla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik-Jan","family":"Roest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9809-3679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad P.","family":"Koets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6469-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom N.","family":"McNeilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1937.tb43743.x","article-title":"\u201cQ\u201d fever, a new fever entity: Clinical features, diagnosis and laboratory investigation","volume":"2","author":"Derrick","year":"1937","journal-title":"Med. 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