{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T02:30:57Z","timestamp":1775010657756,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections, associated with waning immunity, increase systemic antibody levels. In this study, we analyzed the impact of the infection timing on the magnitude of the systemic humoral response and whether breakthrough infections also boost antibody levels in the salivary compartment. We observed that the combination of infection plus vaccination, regardless of infection timing, produced a sharp increase in systemic antibodies, which were higher in subjects infected after third doses. Moreover, despite high systemic antibody levels, breakthrough infections after dose three occurred and boosted antibody levels in the salivary compartment. These results suggest that current vaccination strategies against COVID-19 should be improved. Results also showed that determination of salivary antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 could be a valuable tool in disease prevalence studies, for the follow-up of vaccinated individuals, and to assist vaccination strategies against COVID-19, especially in settings where blood sampling cannot be fulfilled.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T02:32:12Z","timestamp":1677205932000},"page":"534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections after Third Doses Boost IgG Specific Salivary and Blood Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Noel","family":"Badano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Hematol\u00f3gicas (IIHEMA), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matias J.","family":"Pereson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriolog\u00eda y Virolog\u00eda Molecular (IBaViM), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florencia","family":"Sabbione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7093-5712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Keitelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Aloisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Hematol\u00f3gicas (IIHEMA), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Chuit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Epidemiol\u00f3gicas (IIE), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda M. E.","family":"de Bracco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Bar\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Hematol\u00f3gicas (IIHEMA), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104042","article-title":"Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in MS patients on disease modifying therapies during the Delta and the Omicron waves in Italy","volume":"80","author":"Sormani","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01325-6","article-title":"Antibody responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"27","author":"Ebinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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