{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T03:32:19Z","timestamp":1778643139787,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]],"date-time":"2023-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["#00053344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#00053344"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes significant negative impacts on the animal industry and affects over half a million people worldwide every year. The limited safety and efficacy of current animal brucellosis vaccines, combined with the lack of a licensed human brucellosis vaccine, have led researchers to search for new vaccine strategies to combat the disease. To this end, the present research aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a green vaccine candidate that combines Brucella abortus S19 smooth lipopolysaccharide (sLPS) with Quillaja saponin (QS) or QS-Xyloglucan mix (QS-X) against mucosal brucellosis in BALB\/C mice. The results of the study indicate that administering two doses of either sLPS-QS or sLPS-QS-X was safe for the animals, triggered a robust immune response, and enhanced protection following intranasal challenge with S19. Specifically, the vaccine combinations led to the secretion of IgA and IgG1 in the BALF of the immunized mice. We also found a mixed IgG1\/IgG2a systemic response indicating evidence of both Th1 and Th2 activation, with a predominance of the IgG1 over the IgG2a. These candidates resulted in significant reductions in the bioburden of lung, liver, and spleen tissue compared to the PBS control group. The sLPS-QS vaccination had conferred the greatest protection, with a 130-fold reduction in Brucella burdens in lung and a 55.74-fold reduction in the spleen compared to PBS controls. Vaccination with sLPS-QS-X resulted in the highest reduction in splenic Brucella loads, with a 364.6-fold decrease in bacterial titer compared to non-vaccinated animals. The study suggests that the tested vaccine candidates are safe and effective in increasing the animals\u2019 ability to respond to brucellosis via mucosal challenge. It also supports the use of the S19 challenge strain as a safe and cost-effective method for testing Brucella vaccine candidates under BSL-2 containment conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T03:52:21Z","timestamp":1677469941000},"page":"546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Safe Subunit Green Vaccines Confer Robust Immunity and Protection against Mucosal Brucella Infection in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3616-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa F.","family":"Abushahba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"},{"name":"Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University,  Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis S.","family":"Dadelahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Lemoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerod A.","family":"Skyberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Swati","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sagar","family":"Dhoble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Ghodake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vandana B.","family":"Patravale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Adamovicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70382-6","article-title":"The New Global Map of Human Brucellosis","volume":"6","author":"Pappas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, November 14). 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