{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:32:13Z","timestamp":1780054333331,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune-modifying treatment in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) impairs the humoral response. The role of T lymphocytes in this setting is still unclear. This study aims to assess if a booster shot (third dose) of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine enhanced the humoral response and elicited cellular immunity in IBD patients on different immuno-therapy regimens compared to healthy controls (HCs). Five months after a booster dose, serological and T-cell responses were assessed. The measurements were described using geometric means with 95% confidence intervals. The differences between study groups were assessed by Mann\u2013Whitney tests. Seventy-seven subjects (n = 53 IBD patients and n = 24 HCs), who were fully vaccinated and not previously SARS-CoV-2 infected, were recruited. Regarding the IBD patients, 19 were affected by Crohn\u2019s disease and 34 by ulcerative colitis. During the vaccination cycle, half of the patients (53%) were on stable treatment with aminosalicylates, and 32% were on biological therapy. No differences in antibody concentrations between IBD patients and HCs, nor T-cell responses, were found. Stratifying IBD patients based on the type of treatment (anti-TNF\u03b1 agents vs. other treatment regimens), a decrease only in antibody titer (p = 0.008), but not in cellular response, was observed. Even after the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose, the TNF\u03b1 inhibitors selectively decreased the humoral immune response compared to patients on other treatment regimens. The T-cell response was preserved in all study groups. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating T-cell immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination in a routine diagnostic setting, particularly for immunocompromised cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T04:29:58Z","timestamp":1678076998000},"page":"591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Shot Preserves T Cells Immune Response Based on Interferon-Gamma Release Assay in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Patients on Anti-TNF\u03b1 Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7685-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazia","family":"Pavia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0871-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco","family":"Spagnuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Quirino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0880-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Marascio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Giancotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9266-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"Simeone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4376-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Carrabetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7204-4091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Di Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmelo","family":"Nobile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, \u201cMagna 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