{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:55:34Z","timestamp":1792457734151,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017932","name":"Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IMR Rai 12397B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMR Rai 12397B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017932","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017932","name":"Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL144125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL144125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017932","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017932","name":"Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL147662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL147662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017932","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, USA","award":["IMR Rai 12397B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMR Rai 12397B"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, USA","award":["R01 HL144125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL144125"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, USA","award":["R01 HL147662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL147662"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 virus and the COVID-19 pandemic have spread across the world and severely impacted patients living with hematological conditions. Immunocompromised patients experience rapidly progressing symptoms following COVID-19 infection and are at high risk of death. In efforts to protect the vulnerable population, vaccination efforts have increased exponentially in the past 2 years. Although COVID-19 vaccination is safe and effective, mild to moderate side effects such as headache, fatigue, and soreness at the injection site have been reported. In addition, there are reports of rare side effects, including anaphylaxis, thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome, myocarditis, and pericarditis after vaccination. Further, hematological abnormalities and a very low and transient response in patients with hematological conditions after vaccination raise concerns. The objective of this review is to first briefly discuss the hematological adverse effects associated with COVID-19 infection in general populations followed by critically analyzing the side effects and pathomechanisms of COVID-19 vaccination in immunocompromised patients with hematological and solid malignancies. We reviewed the published literature, with a focus on hematological abnormalities associated with COVID-19 infection followed by the hematological side effects of COVID-19 vaccination, and the mechanisms by which complications can occur. We extend this discussion to include the viability of vaccination efforts within immune-compromised patients. The primary aim is to provide clinicians with critical hematologic information on COVID-19 vaccination so that they can make informed decisions on how to protect their at-risk patients. The secondary goal is to clarify the adverse hematological effects associated with infection and vaccination within the general population to support continued vaccination within this group. There is a clear need to protect patients with hematological conditions from infection and modulate vaccine programs and procedures for these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T05:53:44Z","timestamp":1678859624000},"page":"662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Adverse Hematological Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination and Pathomechanisms of Low Acquired Immunity in Patients with Hematological Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Armand N.","family":"Yazdani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0297-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel","family":"DeMarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parth","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arian","family":"Abdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prathosh","family":"Velpuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5445-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devendra K.","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6286-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikrant","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26284","article-title":"BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine is significantly less effective in patients with hematologic malignancies","volume":"96","author":"Gutwein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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