{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T17:45:19Z","timestamp":1767980719007,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African National Research Foundation (NRF) Research Development","award":["116339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["116339"]}]},{"name":"South African National Research Foundation (NRF) Research Development","award":["AZMD019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZMD019"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009467","name":"University Research Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["116339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["116339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009467","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009467","name":"University Research Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AZMD019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZMD019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009467","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candida parapsilosis poses huge treatment challenges in the clinical settings of South Africa, and often causes infections among immunocompromised patients and underweight neonates. Cell wall proteins have been known to play vital roles in fungal pathogenesis, as these are the first points of contact toward environments, the host, and the immune system. This study characterized the cell wall immunodominant proteins of pathogenic yeast C. parapsilosis and evaluated their protective effects in mice, which could add value in vaccine development against the rising C. parapsilosis infections. Among different clinical strains, the most pathogenic and multidrug-resistant C. parapsilosis isolate was selected based on their susceptibility towards antifungal drugs, proteinase, and phospholipase secretions. Cell wall antigens were prepared by \u03b2-mercaptoethanol\/ammonium bicarbonate extraction from selected C. parapsilosis strains. Antigenic proteins were identified using LC\u2013MS\/MS, where 933 proteins were found, with 34 being immunodominant. The protective effect of the cell wall immunodominant proteins was observed by immunizing BALB\/c mice with cell wall protein extracts. After the immunization and booster, the BALC\/c mice were challenged with a lethal dose of C. parapsilosis. In vivo results demonstrated increased survival rates and lower fungal burden in vital organs in the immunized mice compared to the unimmunized mice, thereby confirming the immunogenic property of cell wall-associated proteins of C. parapsilosis. Therefore, these results advocated the potential of these cell wall proteins to act as biomarkers for the development of diagnostic assays and\/or vaccines against infections caused by C. parapsilosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T03:33:57Z","timestamp":1679024037000},"page":"674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Candida parapsilosis Cell Wall Proteome Characterization and Effectiveness against Hematogenously Disseminated Candidiasis in a Murine Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2999-7185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vartika","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9418-6472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Previn","family":"Naicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NextGen Health, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0184, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9950-0464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Scintillon Institute, 6404 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2845-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aijaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"},{"name":"Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongomin, F., Gago, S., Oladele, R.O., and Denning, D.W. 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