{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T11:07:12Z","timestamp":1793704032539,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB)-Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India","award":["SRG\/2022\/001169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRG\/2022\/001169"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the causal agent behind Japanese encephalitis (JE), a potentially severe brain infection that spreads through mosquito bites. JE is predominant over the Asia-Pacific Region and has the potential to spread globally with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality. Efforts have been made to identify and select various target molecules essential in JEV\u2019s progression, but until now, no licensed anti-JEV drug has been available. From a prophylactic point of view, a few licensed JE vaccines are available, but various factors, viz., the high cost and different side effects imposed by them, has narrowed their global use. With an average occurrence of &gt;67,000 cases of JE annually, there is an urgent need to find a suitable antiviral drug to treat patients at the acute phase, as presently only supportive care is available to mitigate infection. This systematic review highlights the current status of efforts put in to develop antivirals against JE and the available vaccines, along with their effectiveness. It also summarizes epidemiology, structure, pathogenesis, and potential drug targets that can be explored to develop a new range of anti-JEV drugs to combat JEV infection globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11040742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T05:34:30Z","timestamp":1679895270000},"page":"742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Japanese Encephalitis Virus: An Update on the Potential Antivirals and Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0971-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumar Saurabh","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virus Research and Therapeutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vandana","family":"Jeswani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virus Research and Therapeutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabanita","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virus Research and Therapeutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babita","family":"Bohra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virus Research and Therapeutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishali","family":"Vishwakarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virus Research and Therapeutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atharva Ashish","family":"Bapat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virus Research and Therapeutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamini Prashanti","family":"Patnaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virus Research and Therapeutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navin","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Health, Molecular Medicine Division, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virus Research and Therapeutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Monath","year":"1988","journal-title":"The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000672","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae","volume":"98","author":"Simmonds","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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