{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T21:56:33Z","timestamp":1788299793321,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission","award":["7212103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7212103"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission","award":["2022YFA1303503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1303503"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission","award":["MS202211002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS202211002"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["7212103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7212103"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFA1303503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1303503"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["MS202211002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS202211002"]}]},{"name":"Eight Medical Center of PLA General Hospital","award":["7212103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7212103"]}]},{"name":"Eight Medical Center of PLA General Hospital","award":["2022YFA1303503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1303503"]}]},{"name":"Eight Medical Center of PLA General Hospital","award":["MS202211002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS202211002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is the primary source of active tuberculosis (ATB), but a preventive vaccine against LTBI is lacking. Methods: In this study, dominant helper T lymphocyte (HTL), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), and B-cell epitopes were identified from nine antigens related to LTBI and regions of difference (RDs). These epitopes were used to construct a novel multiepitope vaccine (MEV) based on their antigenicity, immunogenicity, sensitization, and toxicity. The immunological characteristics of the MEV were analyzed with immunoinformatics technology and verified by enzyme-linked immunospot assay and Th1\/Th2\/Th17 cytokine assay in vitro. Results: A novel MEV, designated PP19128R, containing 19 HTL epitopes, 12 CTL epitopes, 8 B-cell epitopes, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, and helper peptides, was successfully constructed. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the antigenicity, immunogenicity, and solubility of PP19128R were 0.8067, 9.29811, and 0.900675, respectively. The global population coverage of PP19128R in HLA class I and II alleles reached 82.24% and 93.71%, respectively. The binding energies of the PP19128R-TLR2 and PP19128R-TLR4 complexes were \u22121324.77 kcal\/mol and \u22121278 kcal\/mol, respectively. In vitro experiments showed that the PP19128R vaccine significantly increased the number of interferon gamma-positive (IFN-\u03b3+) T lymphocytes and the levels of cytokines, such as IFN-\u03b3, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10. Furthermore, positive correlations were observed between PP19128R-specific cytokines in ATB patients and individuals with LTBI. Conclusions: The PP19128R vaccine is a promising MEV with excellent antigenicity and immunogenicity and no toxicity or sensitization that can induce robust immune responses in silico and in vitro. This study provides a vaccine candidate for the prevention of LTBI in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11040856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T03:14:09Z","timestamp":1681701249000},"page":"856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["PP19128R, a Multiepitope Vaccine Designed to Prevent Latent Tuberculosis Infection, Induced Immune Responses In Silico and In Vitro Assays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9257-206X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory\/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"The Second Brigade of Cadet, Basic Medical Science Academy of Air Force Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory\/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory\/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory\/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqi","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenping","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory\/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, W., Wu, F., Zhang, Y., Fu, Y., and Liu, Z. 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