{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:46:52Z","timestamp":1792093612897,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI105170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI105170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children ages five years and below. Recent outbreaks of the virus have proven that RSV remains a severe burden on healthcare services. Thus, a vaccine for RSV is a need of the hour. Research on novel vaccine delivery systems for infectious diseases such as RSV can pave the road to more vaccine candidates. Among many novel vaccine delivery systems, a combined system with polymeric nanoparticles loaded in dissolving microneedles holds a lot of potential. In this study, the virus-like particles of the RSV fusion protein (F-VLP) were encapsulated in poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). These NPs were then loaded into dissolving microneedles (MNs) composed of hyaluronic acid and trehalose. To test the in vivo immunogenicity of the nanoparticle-loaded microneedles, Swiss Webster mice were immunized with the F-VLP NPs, both with and without adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) NPs loaded in the MN. The mice immunized with the F-VLP NP + MPL NP MN showed high immunoglobulin (IgG and IgG2a) levels both in the serum and lung homogenates. A subsequent analysis of lung homogenates post-RSV challenge revealed high IgA, indicating the generation of a mucosal immune response upon intradermal immunization. A flowcytometry analysis showed high CD8+ and CD4+ expression in the lymph nodes and spleens of the F-VLP NP + MPL NP MN-immunized mice. Thus, our vaccine elicited a robust humoral and cellular immune response in vivo. Therefore, PLGA nanoparticles loaded in dissolving microneedles could be a suitable novel delivery system for RSV vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11040866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T01:39:05Z","timestamp":1681868345000},"page":"866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Dissolving Microneedles Loaded with Nanoparticle Formulation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein Virus-like Particles (F-VLPs) Elicits Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2686-8070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ipshita","family":"Menon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smital","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-5018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priyal","family":"Bagwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4365-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Vijayanand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2314-3867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akanksha","family":"Kale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keegan","family":"Braz Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6198-331X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Moo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2022.100614","article-title":"Determinants of RSV Epidemiology Following Suppression through Pandemic Contact Restrictions","volume":"40","author":"Koltai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220527","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.0527","article-title":"Mortality Associated With Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in the US, 1999\u20132018","volume":"5","author":"Hansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. 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