{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T10:48:55Z","timestamp":1786445335108,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many cases of monkeypox have recently been reported in countries where this disease is not endemic, raising a global health concern. Consequently, healthcare professionals (HCPs), including pharmacists, need to be aware of the disease, its prevention, including the role of vaccines, and its management to reduce transmission. A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among conveniently sampled community pharmacists in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. A total of 189 community pharmacists participated in the study, giving a response rate of 72.97%. From these, 86.77% were male, 51.32% were \u226430 years old, 36.51% were aged between 31\u201340 years, and 43.39% had 1\u20135 years of experience as community pharmacists. Their overall knowledge was 17.72 \u00b1 5.56 out of a maximum of 28. The overall rate of correct answers for the knowledge statements was 63.29%, with 52.4% answering \u226550\u2013&lt;75% of the knowledge questions correctly and 31.2% answering \u226575% of the questions correctly. The knowledge subdomain related to diagnosis and clinical characteristics recorded the highest score, with the subdomain relating to causative pathogens and epidemiology recording a lower score. Overall, community pharmacists had moderate knowledge of monkeypox and its clinical management, prevention, and the role of vaccines, which is a concern for the future. Consequently, tailored, flexible, and timely educational interventions are needed to ensure that HCPs, including community pharmacists, are fully equipped with the latest evidence-based knowledge regarding this viral disease to reduce transmission and improve care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11040878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T03:01:48Z","timestamp":1682046108000},"page":"878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Knowledge of Community Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia Regarding Human Monkeypox, Its Management, Prevention, and Vaccination: Findings and Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3617-7425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alian A.","family":"Alrasheedy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman H.","family":"Aldawsari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munyib I.","family":"Alqasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar A.","family":"Alsawyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama A.","family":"Alalwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh A.","family":"Alwaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6531-4877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaad S.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6539-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Godman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Garankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa"},{"name":"Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Monkeypox: An Emerging Infection for Humans?","volume":"4","author":"Breman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.12.130","article-title":"A review of experimental and natural infections of animals with monkeypox virus between 1958 and 2012","volume":"8","author":"Parker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.18433\/jpps33138","article-title":"Monkeypox: Virology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Characteristics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, Diagnosis, and Treatments","volume":"25","author":"Soheili","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00241","article-title":"Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.10802","article-title":"Monkeypox in 2022\u2014What Clinicians Need to Know","volume":"328","author":"Guarner","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilic, I., Macuzic, I.Z., and Ilic, M. (2022). Global Outbreak of Human Monkeypox in 2022: Update of Epidemiology. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100264"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032299","article-title":"The Detection of Monkeypox in Humans in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"350","author":"Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunge, E.M., Hoet, B., Chen, L., Lienert, F., Weidenthaler, H., Baer, L.R., and Steffen, R. (2022). The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox\u2014A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anwar, F., Haider, F., Khan, S., Ahmad, I., Ahmed, N., Imran, M., Rashid, S., Ren, Z.-G., Khattak, S., and Ji, X.-Y. (2023). Clinical Manifestation, Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Review. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020522"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"WHO (2023, February 22). Monkeypox: Experts Give Virus Variants New Names. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/12-08-2022-monkeypox--experts-give-virus-variants-new-names."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00055-5","article-title":"New nomenclature for mpox (monkeypox) and monkeypox virus clades","volume":"23","author":"Ulaeto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Happi, C., Adetifa, I., Mbala, P., Njouom, R., Nakoune, E., Happi, A., Ndodo, N., Ayansola, O., Mboowa, G., and Bedford, T. (2022). Urgent need for a non-discriminatory and non-stigmatizing nomenclature for monkeypox virus. PLoS Biol., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001769"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, L., Shi, Q., Dong, X., Wang, M., Liu, Z., and Li, Z. (2023). Mpox, Caused by the MPXV of the Clade IIb Lineage, Goes Global. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8020076"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"CDC (2023, February 22). About Mpox\u2014What Is Mpox?, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/mpox\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"o1978","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o1978","article-title":"Why the monkeypox outbreak constitutes a public health emergency of international concern","volume":"378","author":"Ghebreyesus","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"WHO (2022, October 17). Multi-Country Monkeypox Outbreak in Non-Endemic Countries. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON385."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Gennaro, F., Veronese, N., Marotta, C., Shin, J.I., Koyanagi, A., Silenzi, A., and Smith, L. (2022). Human Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Narrative Review and Analysis of the Public Health Implications. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081633"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1007","article-title":"A review on monkeypox virus outbreak: New challenge for world","volume":"6","author":"Ferdous","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"WHO (2013, March 08). 2022-23 Mpox (Monkeypox) Outbreak: Global Trends. Available online: https:\/\/worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io\/mpx_global\/."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-01421-8","article-title":"Monkeypox goes global: Why scientists are on alert","volume":"606","author":"Kozlov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Saudi Ministry of Health (2022, October 23). 1st Case Detected in Saudi Arabia, Available online: https:\/\/www.moh.gov.sa\/en\/Ministry\/MediaCenter\/News\/Pages\/News-2022-07-14-001.aspx."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"e26531","article-title":"Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review of Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Manifestation","volume":"14","author":"Kaler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.02.003","article-title":"Monkeypox (mpox) virus: Classification, origin, transmission, genome organization, antiviral drugs, and molecular diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"Karagoz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"WHO (2022, October 01). Mpox (Monkeypox). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/monkeypox."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"CDC (2022, October 01). Clinical Recognition: Key Characteristics for Identifying Mpox, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/mpox\/clinicians\/clinical-recognition.html."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harapan, H., Ophinni, Y., Megawati, D., Frediansyah, A., Mamada, S.S., Salampe, M., Bin Emran, T., Winardi, W., Fathima, R., and Sirinam, S. (2022). Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102155"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768221131914","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of monkeypox in primary care","volume":"115","author":"Rallapalli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"CDC (2022, October 01). Signs and Symptoms: MPox Symptoms, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/mpox\/symptoms\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac310","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac310","article-title":"Monkeypox: A Contemporary Review for Healthcare Professionals","volume":"9","author":"Titanji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saied, A.A., Dhawan, M., Metwally, A.A., Fahrni, M.L., Choudhary, P., and Choudhary, O.P. (2022). Disease History, Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics for Human Monkeypox Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122091"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"e19","article-title":"Monkeypox Disease with a Focus on the 2022 Outbreak; a Narrative Review","volume":"11","author":"Tehranchinia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02075-X","article-title":"Monkeypox","volume":"401","author":"Ogoina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riopelle, J.C., Munster, V.J., and Port, J.R. (2022). Atypical and Unique Transmission of Monkeypox Virus during the 2022 Outbreak: An Overview of the Current State of Knowledge. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202208.0128.v1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2022.08.009","article-title":"Human monkeypox disease","volume":"40","author":"Srivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Eid, R., Allaw, F., Haddad, S.F., and Kanj, S.S. (2022). Human monkeypox: A review of the literature. PLoS Pathog., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011008"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infpip.2022.100229","article-title":"Monkeypox: An old foe, with new challenges","volume":"4","author":"Bosworth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Prev. Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"5983","article-title":"Monkeypox: Epidemiology, mode of transmission, clinical features, genetic clades and molecular properties","volume":"26","author":"Kannan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.06.047","article-title":"Vaccination for monkeypox prevention in persons with high-risk sexual behaviours to control on-going outbreak of monkeypox virus clade 3","volume":"122","author":"Petersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"CDC (2023, February 02). Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 Vaccines during the 2022 U.S, Mpox Outbreak., Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/mpox\/clinicians\/vaccines\/vaccine-considerations.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fpoxvirus%2Fmpox%2Fhealth-departments%2Fvaccine-considerations.html."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102494","article-title":"Types and outcomes of pharmacist-managed travel health services: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Kc","year":"2023","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"39","article-title":"Pharmacists\u2019 role in preventing vaccine-preventable diseases","volume":"34","year":"2009","journal-title":"US Pharm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.08.085","article-title":"Impact of pharmacists as immunizers on vaccination rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Isenor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1913963","article-title":"Public awareness, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors regarding the role of pharmacists as immunizers","volume":"17","author":"Halperin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2020.03.015","article-title":"On the frontline against COVID-19: Community pharmacists\u2019 contribution during a public health crisis","volume":"17","author":"Cadogan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1637218","article-title":"The essential role of pharmacists facilitating vaccination in older adults: The case of Herpes Zoster","volume":"16","author":"Tak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2021.12.013","article-title":"Expanded roles of community pharmacists in COVID-19: A scoping literature review","volume":"62","author":"Pantasri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2021.10.001","article-title":"Trust, influence, and community: Why pharmacists and pharmacies are central for addressing vaccine hesitancy","volume":"62","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190019895437","article-title":"The Role of Pharmacists in Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy and the Measles Outbreak","volume":"34","author":"Lisenby","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.01.061","article-title":"Pharmacists\u2019 impact on older adults\u2019 access to vaccines in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Newlon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.36347\/sajp.2021.v10i05.001","article-title":"Activities in Namibia to Limit the Prevalence and Mortality from COVID-19 Including Community Pharmacy Activities and the Implications","volume":"5","author":"Kibuule","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sch. Acad. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzegorczyk-Karolak, I., Zgli\u0144ska-Pietrzak, A., Weremczuk-Je\u017cyna, I., and Ka\u0142ucka, S. (2022). Evaluation of Patient Experiences Regarding Pharmacist-Administrated Vaccination and Attitude towards Future Additional Pharmacy Services in Poland. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091479"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00e4mpfli, D., la Torre, A.M.-D., Simi, E., Du Pasquier, S., Berger, J., and Burden, A.M. (2021). Community Pharmacist-Administered COVID-19 Vaccinations: A Pilot Customer Survey on Satisfaction and Motivation to Get Vaccinated. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9111320"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piraux, A., Cavillon, M., Ramond-Roquin, A., and Faure, S. (2022). Assessment of Satisfaction with Pharmacist-Administered COVID-19 Vaccinations in France: PharmaCoVax. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10030440"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v33i3.9","article-title":"Pharmacists\u2019 Readiness to Receive, Recommend and Administer COVID-19 Vaccines in an African Country: An online multiple-practice settings survey in Nigeria","volume":"33","author":"Isah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malawi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Ministry of Education Saudi Arabia (2023, April 15). Executive Regulations of the Practice of Health Professions Law (3rd Edition, 2019), Available online: https:\/\/www.moh.gov.sa\/Ministry\/Rules\/Documents\/Executive-Regulations-Health-Profession.pdf%20Accessed%2016th%20April%202023."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2023, April 15). Saudi Gazette. MoH to Provide Free COVID-19 Vaccines in Pharmacies. 3 March 2021. Available online: https:\/\/saudigazette.com.sa\/article\/604069."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S379309","article-title":"Attitude and Willingness to Get COVID-19 Vaccines by a Community Pharmacist in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"16","author":"Alshahrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"261","article-title":"Perspectives Role of Pharmacists in the Provision of COVID-19 Vaccine at Community Pharmacies in Asser Region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"41","author":"Alshahrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.003","article-title":"Assessing the prevalence of self-medication among healthcare workers before and during the 2019 SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in Kenya","volume":"28","author":"Onchonga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshahrani, N.Z., Algethami, M.R., Alarifi, A.M., Alzahrani, F., Alshehri, E.A., Alshehri, A.M., Sheerah, H.A., Abdelaal, A., Sah, R., and Rodriguez-Morales, A.J. (2022). Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Monkeypox Virus among Physicians in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1883068\/v1"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahin, T.K., Erul, E., Aksun, M.S., Sonmezer, M.C., Unal, S., and Akova, M. (2022). Know0ledge and Attitudes of Turkish Physicians towards Human Monkeypox Disease and Related Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010019"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.01.010","article-title":"Perceptions and worries about monkeypox, and attitudes towards monkeypox vaccination among medical workers in China: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"16","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.11.032","article-title":"Human monkeypox and preparedness of Bangladesh: A knowledge and attitude assessment study among medical doctors","volume":"16","author":"Hasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsanafi, M., Al-Mahzoum, K., and Sallam, M. (2022). Monkeypox Knowledge and Confidence in Diagnosis and Management with Evaluation of Emerging Virus Infection Conspiracies among Health Professionals in Kuwait. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11090994"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzales-Zamora, J.A., Soriano-Moreno, D.R., Soriano-Moreno, A.N., Ponce-Rosas, L., Sangster-Carrasco, L., De-Los-Rios-Pinto, A., Benito-Vargas, R.M., Murrieta-Ruiz, V., Morocho-Alburqueque, N., and Caira-Chuquineyra, B. (2023). Level of Knowledge Regarding Mpox among Peruvian Physicians during the 2022 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010167"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.11.004","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards monkeypox during the 2022 outbreak: An online cross-sectional survey among clinicians in Ohio, USA","volume":"15","author":"Bates","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricc\u00f2, M., Ferraro, P., Camisa, V., Satta, E., Zaniboni, A., Ranzieri, S., Baldassarre, A., Zaffina, S., and Marchesi, F. (2022). When a Neglected Tropical Disease Goes Global: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Italian Physicians towards Monkeypox, Preliminary Results. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7070135"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"68","article-title":"Knowledge of human monkeypox viral infection among general practitioners: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia","volume":"114","author":"Harapan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105450","article-title":"Confidence in managing human monkeypox cases in Asia: A cross-sectional survey among general practitioners in Indonesia","volume":"206","author":"Harapan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljamaan, F., Alenezi, S., Alhasan, K., Saddik, B., Alhaboob, A., Altawil, E.S., Alshahrani, F., Alrabiaah, A., Alaraj, A., and Alkriadees, K. (2022). Healthcare Workers\u2019 Worries and Monkeypox Vaccine Advocacy during the First Month of the WHO Monkeypox Alert: Cross-Sectional Survey in Saudi Arabia. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.08.02.22278317"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temsah, M.-H., Aljamaan, F., Alenezi, S., Abouammoh, N., Alhasan, K., Dasuqi, S.A., Alhaboob, A., Hamad, M.A., Halwani, R., and Alrabiaah, A. (2022). Monkeypox Disease (MPOX) Perceptions among Healthcare Workers versus General Population during the First Month of the WHO Alert: Cross-Sectional Survey in Saudi Arabia. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.10.17.22281183"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaeb, D., Sallam, M., Salim, N.A., Dabbous, M., Younes, S., Nasrallah, Y., Iskandar, K., Matta, M., Obeid, S., and Hallit, S. (2023). Knowledge, Attitude and Conspiracy Beliefs of Healthcare Workers in Lebanon towards Monkeypox. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8020081"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam, M., Al-Mahzoum, K., Al-Tammemi, A.B., Alkurtas, M., Mirzaei, F., Kareem, N., Al-Naimat, H., Jardaneh, L., Al-Majali, L., and AlHadidi, A. (2022). Assessing Healthcare Workers\u2019 Knowledge and Their Confidence in the Diagnosis and Management of Human Monkeypox: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Middle Eastern Country. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091722"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riad, A., Drobov, A., Rozmarinov\u00e1, J., Drap\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, P., Klugarov\u00e1, J., Du\u0161ek, L., Pokorn\u00e1, A., and Klugar, M. (2022). Monkeypox Knowledge and Vaccine Hesitancy of Czech Healthcare Workers: A Health Belief Model (HBM)-Based Study. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122022"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S282825","article-title":"Readiness of Community Pharmacists to Play a Supportive and Advocacy Role in the Fight Against Corona Virus Disease","volume":"13","author":"Alshahrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghibu, S., Juncan, A.M., Rus, L.L., Frum, A., Dobrea, C.M., Chi\u015f, A.A., Gligor, F.G., and Morgovan, C. (2021). The Particularities of Pharmaceutical Care in Improving Public Health Service during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189776"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2021.06.010","article-title":"Response to the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the community pharmacy of a University Center for Primary Care and Public Health","volume":"18","author":"Bourdin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e050043","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050043","article-title":"Rapid realist review of the role of community pharmacy in the public health response to COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Maidment","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-022-00438-8","article-title":"Contributions and challenges of community pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study","volume":"15","author":"Durand","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14992","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14992","article-title":"The coping strategies of community pharmacists and pharmaceutical services provided during COVID-19 in Malaysia","volume":"75","author":"Kua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamiya, K.T., and Yoshida, A. (2021). Changes in Japanese Pharmacists\u2019 Recognition of Their Role in Community Public Health before and after the Spread of COVID-19. Pharmacy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy9030154"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2021.12.003","article-title":"Shedding the light on Pharmacists\u2019 roles during COVID-19 global pandemic","volume":"30","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-021-00273-9","article-title":"A comprehensive review on global contributions and recognition of pharmacy professionals amidst COVID-19 pandemic: Moving from present to future","volume":"7","author":"Sami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.07.002","article-title":"Pharmacists roles and responsibilities during epidemics and pandemics in Saudi Arabia: An opinion paper from the Saudi Society of clinical pharmacy","volume":"28","author":"Badreldin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2021.07.022","article-title":"Pharmacists and COVID-19 vaccination\u2014Considering mobile phone caller tunes as a novel approach to promote vaccine uptake in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"18","author":"Appiah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.12.050","article-title":"COVID-19 booster vaccination in rural community pharmacies","volume":"41","author":"Gamble","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wawrzuta, D., Klejdysz, J., Jaworski, M., Gotlib, J., and Panczyk, M. (2022). Attitudes toward COVID-19 Vaccination on Social Media: A Cross-Platform Analysis. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10081190"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e320","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00563-5","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Africa: A call to action","volume":"10","author":"Mutombo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogunleye, O.O., Godman, B., Fadare, J.O., Mudenda, S., Adeoti, A.O., Yinka-Ogunleye, A.F., Ogundele, S.O., Oyawole, M.R., Sch\u00f6nfeldt, M., and Rashed, W.M. (2022). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic across Africa: Current Status of Vaccinations and Implications for the Future. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091553"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00393-1","article-title":"Hesitancy in COVID-19 vaccine uptake and its associated factors among the general adult population: A cross-sectional study in six Southeast Asian countries","volume":"50","author":"Marzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4103\/jrpp.JRPP_17_12","article-title":"Initiatives to Reduce Nonprescription Sales and Dispensing of Antibiotics: Findings and Implications","volume":"6","author":"Burger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Res. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2023, March 10). The General Authority for Statistics (GAStat) Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Available online: https:\/\/www.stats.gov.sa\/en\/1007-0."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Saudi Ministry of Health (2022, October 03). Statistical Yearbook 2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.moh.gov.sa\/Ministry\/Statistics\/book\/Pages\/default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"EMA (2022, October 01). Mpox (Monkeypox). Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/human-regulatory\/overview\/public-health-threats\/mpox-monkeypox#:~:text=Imvanex,caused%20by%20the%20vaccinia%20virus."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"ECDC (2022, October 01). Factsheet for Health Professionals on Mpox (Monkeypox). Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/all-topics-z\/monkeypox\/factsheet-health-professionals."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Saudi Public Health Authority (2022, October 01). Interim Guidelines for Monkeypox V1.3, Available online: https:\/\/covid19.cdc.gov.sa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Monkeypox-Guidelines-Aug15-V1.3_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Saudi Ministry of Health (2022, October 01). Saudi MoH Protocol for Patients Suspected\/Confirmed with Monkeypox, Available online: https:\/\/www.moh.gov.sa\/en\/Ministry\/MediaCenter\/Publications\/Documents\/Monkeypox-Protocol-V1-0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam, M., Al-Mahzoum, K., Dardas, L.A., Al-Tammemi, A.B., Al-Majali, L., Al-Naimat, H., Jardaneh, L., AlHadidi, F., Al-Salahat, K., and Al-Ajlouni, E. (2022). Knowledge of Human Monkeypox and Its Relation to Conspiracy Beliefs among Students in Jordanian Health Schools: Filling the Knowledge Gap on Emerging Zoonotic Viruses. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58070924"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Pallant, J. (2023, January 17). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS. Available online: https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/mono\/10.4324\/9781003117452\/spss-survival-manual-julie-pallant."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7080.572","article-title":"Cronbach\u2019s alpha","volume":"314","author":"Bland","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-020-00901-7","article-title":"Structured reporting of chest CT in COVID-19 pneumonia: A consensus proposal","volume":"11","author":"Neri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S292354","article-title":"Knowledge, Attitude and Practice About Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic and Its Psychological Impact on Students and Their Studies: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Pharmacy Students in Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Alrasheedy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Li, Y., Fu, L., Zhou, X., Wu, X., Wang, B., Peng, X., Sun, Y., Liu, Q., and Lin, Y.-F. (2023). Knowledge of Human Mpox (Monkeypox) and Attitude towards Mpox Vaccination among Male Sex Workers in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020285"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/aca.ACA_157_18","article-title":"Descriptive statistics and normality tests for sta-tistical data","volume":"22","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Card. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2020.04.013","article-title":"WITHDRAWN: Community pharmacists: On the frontline of health service against COVID-19 in LMICs","volume":"17","author":"Hedima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2021.11.009","article-title":"Status of infectious disease content in the professional pharmacy curriculum in Saudi Arabia: Results of a national survey","volume":"29","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (2023, April 15). Education & Training Evaluation Commission. Program Accreditation Standards 2018, Available online: https:\/\/www.etec.gov.sa\/en\/productsandservices\/NCAAA\/AccreditationProgrammatic\/Pages\/insprogdeve.aspx."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lounis, M., and Riad, A. (2023). Monkeypox (MPOX)-Related Knowledge and Vaccination Hesitancy in Non-Endemic Countries: Concise Literature Review. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020229"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"365","article-title":"Identifying monkeypox: Do dental professionals have adequate knowledge and awareness?","volume":"73","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/4\/878\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:20:23Z","timestamp":1760124023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/4\/878"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines11040878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11040878","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]}}}