{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T01:02:11Z","timestamp":1778893331135,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Revolving Fund, KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru","award":["ISC\/570812\/2018\/DZDP-NCDC(Pt2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISC\/570812\/2018\/DZDP-NCDC(Pt2)"]}]},{"name":"Revolving Fund, KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru","award":["C\/San\/38\/2015-16\/156A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C\/San\/38\/2015-16\/156A"]}]},{"name":"NCDC funded project \u201cNational One Health Program for Prevention and Control of Zoonoses (NOHPPCZ)\u201d","award":["ISC\/570812\/2018\/DZDP-NCDC(Pt2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISC\/570812\/2018\/DZDP-NCDC(Pt2)"]}]},{"name":"NCDC funded project \u201cNational One Health Program for Prevention and Control of Zoonoses (NOHPPCZ)\u201d","award":["C\/San\/38\/2015-16\/156A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C\/San\/38\/2015-16\/156A"]}]},{"name":"Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi","award":["ISC\/570812\/2018\/DZDP-NCDC(Pt2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISC\/570812\/2018\/DZDP-NCDC(Pt2)"]}]},{"name":"Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi","award":["C\/San\/38\/2015-16\/156A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C\/San\/38\/2015-16\/156A"]}]},{"name":"KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory","award":["ISC\/570812\/2018\/DZDP-NCDC(Pt2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISC\/570812\/2018\/DZDP-NCDC(Pt2)"]}]},{"name":"KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory","award":["C\/San\/38\/2015-16\/156A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C\/San\/38\/2015-16\/156A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabies is a progressively fatal viral disease affecting a wide variety of warm-blooded animals and human beings. With cattle being major part of Indian livestock population, rabies can result in significant financial losses. Immunization of livestock vulnerable to exposure is the best way to control rabies. The present study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of a rabies pre-exposure prophylactic vaccine administered through different routes and to sequentially monitor the levels of rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers in cattle. Thirty cattle were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group I and III animals were immunized with 1 mL and 0.2 mL of rabies vaccine through intramuscular (IM) and intradermal (ID) routes, respectively, on day 0, with a booster dose on day 21; Group II and IV animals were immunized with 1 mL and 0.2 mL of rabies vaccine, respectively, without the booster dose; unvaccinated animals served as a control (Group V). Serum samples were collected on days 0, 14, 28, and 90 to estimate RVNA titers using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). The titers were above an adequate level (\u22650.5 IU\/mL) on day 14 and maintained up to 90 days in all animals administered the rabies vaccine through the IM and ID route with or without a booster dose. The study indicated that both routes of vaccination are safe and effective in providing protection against rabies. Hence, both routes can be considered for pre-exposure prophylaxis. However, the ID route proved to be more economical due to its dose-sparing effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11050885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T04:01:23Z","timestamp":1682308883000},"page":"885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Intradermal vis-\u00e0-vis Intramuscular Pre-Exposure Prophylactic Vaccination against Rabies in Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Swathi","family":"Gopalaiah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kshama M.","family":"Appaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shrikrishna","family":"Isloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dilip","family":"Lakshman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramesh P.","family":"Thimmaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suguna","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahadevappa","family":"Gouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of LFC, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2579-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveen","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of AGB, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9337-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavitha","family":"Govindaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Production, IAH and VB, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avinash","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Masterlab, Nutreco, 5831 JN Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simmi","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Division, National Centre for Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Service, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GOI, Delhi 110054, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.071488","article-title":"Rabies in India","volume":"178","author":"Menzes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. 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