{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T12:00:45Z","timestamp":1788091245295,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcinosis represents a severe complication of several autoimmune disorders. Soft-tissue calcifications have been classified into five major types: dystrophic, metastatic, idiopathic, iatrogenic, and calciphylaxis. Autoimmune diseases are usually associated with dystrophic calcifications, including calcinosis cutis, occurring in damaged or devitalized tissues in the presence of normal serum levels of calcium and phosphate. In particular, calcinosis cutis has been described in dermatomyositis, polymyositis, juvenile dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, overlap syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Calciphylaxis, a severe and life-threatening syndrome presenting with vascular calcifications and thrombosis, has also been associated with some autoimmune conditions. Due to the potentially disabling character of calcinosis cutis and calciphylaxis, physicians\u2019 awareness about the clinical presentation and management of these diseases should be increased to select the most appropriate treatment option and avoid long-term complications. In this review, we aim to analyze the clinical features of calcinosis cutis and calciphylaxis associated with autoimmune diseases, and the main treatment strategies evaluated up to now for treating this potentially disabling disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11050898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T02:30:52Z","timestamp":1682476252000},"page":"898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Calcinosis Cutis and Calciphylaxis in Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7599-5426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Mormile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mosella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8073-1537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piergiorgio","family":"Turco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1925-9912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena","family":"Napolitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amato","family":"de Paulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca Wanda","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew313","article-title":"Calcinosis is associated with digital ischaemia in systemic sclerosis\u2014A longitudinal study","volume":"55","author":"Baron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2005.01.016","article-title":"Calcinosis in rheumatic diseases","volume":"34","author":"Boulman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. 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