{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T06:41:28Z","timestamp":1784356888138,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI148426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI148426"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human rotavirus (HRV) is the causative agent of severe dehydrating diarrhea in children under the age of five, resulting in up to 215,000 deaths each year. These deaths almost exclusively occur in low- and middle-income countries where vaccine efficacy is the lowest due to chronic malnutrition, gut dysbiosis, and concurrent enteric viral infection. Parenteral vaccines for HRV are particularly attractive as they avoid many of the concerns associated with currently used live oral vaccines. In this study, a two-dose intramuscular (IM) regimen of the trivalent, nanoparticle-based, nonreplicating HRV vaccine (trivalent S60-VP8*), utilizing the shell (S) domain of the capsid of norovirus as an HRV VP8* antigen display platform, was evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against P[6] and P[8] HRV using gnotobiotic pig models. A prime\u2013boost strategy using one dose of the oral Rotarix\u00ae vaccine, followed by one dose of the IM trivalent nanoparticle vaccine was also evaluated. Both regimens were highly immunogenic in inducing serum virus neutralizing, IgG, and IgA antibodies. The two vaccine regimens failed to confer significant protection against diarrhea; however, the prime\u2013boost regimen significantly shortened the duration of virus shedding in pigs challenged orally with the virulent Wa (G1P[8]) HRV and significantly shortened the mean duration of virus shedding, mean peak titer, and area under the curve of virus shedding after challenge with Arg (G4P[6]) HRV. Prime\u2013boost-vaccinated pigs challenged with P[8] HRV had significantly higher P[8]-specific IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in the spleen post-challenge. Prime\u2013boost-vaccinated pigs challenged with P[6] HRV had significantly higher numbers of P[6]- and P[8]-specific IgG ASCs in the ileum, as well as significantly higher numbers of P[8]-specific IgA ASCs in the spleen post-challenge. These results suggest the promise of and warrant further investigation into the oral priming and parenteral boosting strategy for future HRV vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11050927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T02:29:14Z","timestamp":1683080954000},"page":"927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Combined Live Oral Priming and Intramuscular Boosting Regimen with Rotarix\u00ae and a Nanoparticle-Based Trivalent Rotavirus Vaccine Evaluated in Gnotobiotic Pig Models of G4P[6] and G1P[8] Human Rotavirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Casey","family":"Hensley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Nyblade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Parre\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"},{"name":"INCUINTA, Instituto de Virolog\u00eda e Innovaciones Tecnol\u00f3gicas (IVIT), Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1033AAE, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4009-6823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashwin","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Garrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariana","family":"Fantasia-Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqing","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng-Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0408-5828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-5507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0709-5228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00e1rcamo-Calvo, R., Mu\u00f1oz, C., Buesa, J., Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz, J., and Gozalbo-Rovira, R. (2021). The Rotavirus Vaccine Landscape, an Update. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050520"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donato, C.M., and Bines, J.E. (2021). Rotaviruses and Rotavirus Vaccines. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080959"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0905.020562","article-title":"Global Illness and Deaths Caused by Rotavirus Disease in Children","volume":"9","author":"Parashar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30263-4","article-title":"Rotavirus vaccine protection in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"19","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1195","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30262-X","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines, 2006\u20132019: A literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Burnett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-33026-7_5","article-title":"Rotavirus and rotavirus vaccines","volume":"582","author":"Glass","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopman, B.A., Pitzer, V.E., Sarkar, R., Gladstone, B., Patel, M., Glasser, J., Gambhir, M., Atchison, C., Grenfell, B.T., and Edmunds, W.J. (2012). Understanding Reduced Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy in Low Socio-Economic Settings. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041720"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2017-0128","article-title":"Causes of impaired oral vaccine efficacy in developing countries","volume":"13","author":"Parker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1274474","article-title":"Rotavirus specific maternal antibodies and immune response to RV3-BB neonatal rotavirus vaccine in New Zealand","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.2.306","article-title":"Concurrent Oral Poliovirus and Rhesus-Human Reassortant Rotavirus Vaccination: Effects on Immune Responses to Both Vaccines and on Efficacy of Rotavirus Vaccines","volume":"173","author":"Rennels","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1376162","article-title":"Rotavirus vaccine response correlates with the infant gut microbiota composition in Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565368","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.565368","article-title":"Vaccine Interactions With the Infant Microbiome: Do They Define Health and Disease?","volume":"8","author":"Ruck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00196","article-title":"Malnutrition Decreases Antibody Secreting Cell Numbers Induced by an Oral Attenuated Human Rotavirus Vaccine in a Human Infant Fecal Microbiota Transplanted Gnotobiotic Pig Model","volume":"11","author":"Michael","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.11.012","article-title":"Immune responses and protection in children in developing countries induced by oral vaccines","volume":"31","author":"Qadri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001253","article-title":"Rotavirus Serum IgA Immune Response in Children Receiving Rotarix Coadministered With bOPV or IPV","volume":"35","author":"Ramani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyblade, C., Hensley, C., Parre\u00f1o, V., Zhou, P., Frazier, M., Frazier, A., Ramesh, A., Lei, S., Degiuseppe, J.I., and Tan, M. (2022). A New Gnotobiotic Pig Model of P[6] Human Rotavirus Infection and Disease for Preclinical Evaluation of Rotavirus Vaccines. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122803"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-213","article-title":"Human rotavirus vaccine Rotarix\u2122 provides protection against diverse circulating rotavirus strains in African infants: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Steele","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052664","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of a Pentavalent Human\u2013Bovine (WC3) Reassortant Rotavirus Vaccine","volume":"354","author":"Vesikari","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"255","article-title":"Risk of Intussusception After Rotavirus Vaccination: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"114","author":"Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch. \u00c4rzteblatt Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leino, T., Ollgren, J., Str\u00f6mberg, N., and Elonsalo, U. (2016). Evaluation of the Intussusception Risk after Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccination in Finnish Infants. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144812"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav6419","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav6419","article-title":"Evaluating strategies to improve rotavirus vaccine impact during the second year of life in Malawi","volume":"11","author":"Pitzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, L. (2022). Vaccine Efficacy Evaluation: The Gnotobiotic Pig Model, Taylor and Francis Group. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b22816"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00046-6","article-title":"Induction of mucosal immune responses and protection against enteric viruses: Rotavirus infection of gnotobiotic pigs as a model","volume":"87","author":"Yuan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Grow, S., Iturriza-G\u00f3mara, M., Hausdorff, W.P., Fix, A., and Kirkwood, C.D. (2022). The Challenges and Opportunities of Next-Generation Rotavirus Vaccines: Summary of an Expert Meeting with Vaccine Developers. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112565"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Knipe, D.M., and Howley, P. (2013). Fields Virology, Wolters Kluwer\/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9899","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00979-12","article-title":"Rotavirus VP8*: Phylogeny, host range, and interaction with histo-blood group antigens","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI128382","article-title":"Human VP8* mAbs neutralize rotavirus selectively in human intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"130","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.5.2211-2219.1991","article-title":"Antibodies to the Trypsin Cleavage Peptide Vp8-Star Neutralize Rotavirus by Inhibiting Binding of Virions to Target-Cells in Culture","volume":"65","author":"Ruggeri","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2006.07.015","article-title":"Tandem copies of a human rotavirus VP8 epitope can induce specific neutralizing antibodies in BALB\/c mice","volume":"1760","author":"Mine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-76-10-2477","article-title":"Immunological response to recombinant VP8* subunit protein of bovine roravirus in pregnant cattle","volume":"76","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10665","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b02776","article-title":"Bioengineered Norovirus S60 Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Vaccine Platform","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-021-4011-x","article-title":"Bioengineered pseudovirus nanoparticles displaying the HA1 antigens of influenza viruses for enhanced immunogenicity","volume":"15","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.05.075","article-title":"Immune response and protective efficacy of the S particle presented rotavirus VP8* vaccine in mice","volume":"37","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, M., Huang, P., and Tan, M. (2022). A Pseudovirus Nanoparticle-Based Trivalent Rotavirus Vaccine Candidate Elicits High and Cross P Type Immune Response. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081597"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-7-1431","article-title":"Pathogenesis of an attenuated and a virulent strain of group A human rotavirus in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs","volume":"77","author":"Ward","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Trenton, K.A.E., and Schoeb, R. (2017). Gnotobiotics, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.1.330-338.1998","article-title":"Antibody-secreting cell responses and protective immunity assessed in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated orally or intramuscularly with inactivated human rotavirus","volume":"72","author":"Yuan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.03.085","article-title":"Virus-specific intestinal IFN-gamma producing T cell responses induced by human rotavirus infection and vaccines are correlated with protection against rotavirus diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2021.114279","article-title":"ROTADIAL: The first nanobody-based immunoassay to detect Group A Rotavirus","volume":"298","author":"Vega","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9753","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00436-08","article-title":"Llama-Derived Single-Chain Antibody Fragments Directed to Rotavirus VP6 Protein Possess Broad Neutralizing Activity In Vitro and Confer Protection against Diarrhea in Mice","volume":"82","author":"Garaicoechea","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000118","article-title":"Rotavirus Antigenemia in Children is Associated With More Severe Clinical Manifestations of Acute Gastroenteritis","volume":"33","author":"Hemming","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00214-16","article-title":"Parenteral Vaccination Can Be an Effective Means of Inducing Protective Mucosal Responses","volume":"23","author":"Clements","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-166-6_24","article-title":"T-Cell Homing to the Gut Mucosa: General Concepts and Methodological Considerations","volume":"757","author":"Villablanca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.2.857","article-title":"Dendritic Cell Immunization Route Determines CD8+ T Cell Trafficking to Inflamed Skin: Role for Tissue Microenvironment and Dendritic Cells in Establishment of T Cell-Homing Subsets","volume":"172","author":"Dudda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blutt, S.E., Matson, D.O., Crawford, S.E., Staat, M.A., Azimi, P., Bennett, B.L., Piedra, P.A., and Conner, M.E. (2007). Rotavirus Antigenemia in Children Is Associated with Viremia. PLoS Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040121"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Justino, M.C.A., Campos, E.A., Mascarenhas, J.D.P., Soares, L.S., Guerra, S.D.F.S., Furlaneto, I.P., Pavao, M.J.C., Maciel, T.S., Farias, F.P., and Bezerra, O.M. (2019). Rotavirus antigenemia as a common event among children hospitalised for severe, acute gastroenteritis in Bel\u00e9m, northern Brazil. BMC Pediatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1535-2"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/5\/927\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:28:28Z","timestamp":1760124508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/5\/927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines11050927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11050927","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]}}}