{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:10:46Z","timestamp":1760148646499,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The host response to helminth infections is characterized by systemic and tissue-related immune responses that play a crucial role in pathological diseases. Recently, experimental studies have highlighted the role of regulatory T (Tregs) and B (Bregs) cells with secreted cytokines as important markers in anti-schistosomiasis immunity. We investigated the serical levels of five cytokines (TNF\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-35) in pre- and post-treatment samples from chronic Schistosoma infected patients to identify potential serological markers during follow-up therapy. Interestingly, we highlighted an increased serum level of IL-35 in the pre-therapy samples (median 439 pg\/mL for Schistosoma haematobium and 100.5 pg\/mL for Schistsoma mansoni infected patients) compared to a control group (median 62 pg\/mL and 58 pg\/mL, respectively, p \u2264 0.05), and a significantly lower concentration in post-therapy samples (181 pg\/mL for S. haematobium and 49.5 pg\/mL for S. mansoni infected patients, p \u2264 0.05). The present study suggests the possible role of IL-35 as a novel serological biomarker in the evaluation of Schistosoma therapy follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11050995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T10:01:13Z","timestamp":1684404073000},"page":"995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of IL-35, as a Possible Biomarker for Follow-Up after Therapy, in Chronic Human Schistosoma Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0880-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Marascio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Loria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7685-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazia","family":"Pavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Peronace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neill James","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morena","family":"Campolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Divenuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of 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Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Mazzitelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9064-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico Maria","family":"Trecarichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7631-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Torti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3933-3892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Perandin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9530-8742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeno","family":"Bisoffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Quirino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Matera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University of Catanzaro\u2014\u201cMater Domini\u201d Teaching Hospital, 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