{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T04:15:59Z","timestamp":1775362559154,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Onderzoeksprogramma Artifici\u00eble Intelligentie (AI) Vlaanderen","award":["851752-CELLULO-EPI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["851752-CELLULO-EPI"]}]},{"name":"Onderzoeksprogramma Artifici\u00eble Intelligentie (AI) Vlaanderen","award":["1861219N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1861219N"]}]},{"name":"University of Antwerp","award":["851752-CELLULO-EPI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["851752-CELLULO-EPI"]}]},{"name":"University of Antwerp","award":["1861219N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1861219N"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["851752-CELLULO-EPI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["851752-CELLULO-EPI"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["1861219N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1861219N"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders","award":["851752-CELLULO-EPI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["851752-CELLULO-EPI"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders","award":["1861219N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1861219N"]}]},{"name":"Chan Zuckerberg Initiative","award":["851752-CELLULO-EPI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["851752-CELLULO-EPI"]}]},{"name":"Chan Zuckerberg Initiative","award":["1861219N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1861219N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The immune system acts as an intricate apparatus that is dedicated to mounting a defense and ensures host survival from microbial threats. To engage this faceted immune response and provide protection against infectious diseases, vaccinations are a critical tool to be developed. However, vaccine responses are governed by levels that, when interrogated, separately only explain a fraction of the immune reaction. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a feasibility study to determine if multi-view modeling could aid in gaining actionable insights on response markers shared across populations, capture the immune system\u2019s diversity, and disentangle confounders. We thus sought to assess this multi-view modeling capacity on the responsiveness to the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination. Seroconversion to vaccine-induced antibodies against the HBV surface antigen (anti-HBs) in early converters (n = 21; &lt;2 months) and late converters (n = 9; &lt;6 months) and was defined based on the anti-HBs titers (&gt;10IU\/L). The multi-view data encompassed bulk RNA-seq, CD4+ T-cell parameters (including T-cell receptor data), flow cytometry data, and clinical metadata (including age and gender). The modeling included testing single-view and multi-view joint dimensionality reductions. Multi-view joint dimensionality reduction outperformed single-view methods in terms of the area under the curve and balanced accuracy, confirming the increase in predictive power to be gained. The interpretation of these findings showed that age, gender, inflammation-related gene sets, and pre-existing vaccine-specific T-cells could be associated with vaccination responsiveness. This multi-view dimensionality reduction approach complements clinical seroconversion and all single modalities. Importantly, this modeling could identify what features could predict HBV vaccine response. This methodology could be extended to other vaccination trials to identify the key features regulating responsiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11071236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:28:06Z","timestamp":1689294486000},"page":"1236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi-View Learning to Unravel the Different Levels Underlying Hepatitis B Vaccine Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3520-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Affaticati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Bartholomeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp (VAXINFECTIO), 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4400-1198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerry","family":"Mullan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre Van","family":"Damme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination (CEV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Beutels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benson","family":"Ogunjimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp (VAXINFECTIO), 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8217-2564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kris","family":"Laukens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5903-633X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"Meysman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Anaya, J.-M., Shoenfeld, Y., Rojas-Villarraga, A., Levy, R.A., and Cervera, R. 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