{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:32:45Z","timestamp":1791423165767,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus that can infect humans and has an estimated fatality rate of 53%. As shown by the current situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, emerging and re-emerging viruses such as H5N1 have the potential to cause another pandemic. Thus, this study outlined the hub genes and pathways associated with H5N1 infection in humans. Methods: The genes associated with H5N1 infection in humans were retrieved from the NCBI Gene database using \u201cH5N1 virus infection\u201d as the keyword. The genes obtained were investigated for protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) using STRING version 11.5 and studied for functional enrichment analysis using DAVID 2021. Further, the PPI network was visualised and analysed using Cytoscape 3.7.2, and the hub genes were obtained using the local topological analysis method of the cytoHubba plugin. Results: A total of 39 genes associated with H5N1 infection in humans significantly interacted with each other, forming a PPI network with 38 nodes and 149 edges modulating 74 KEGG pathways, 76 biological processes, 13 cellular components, and 22 molecular functions. Further, the PPI network analysis revealed that 33 nodes interacted, forming 1056 shortest paths at 0.282 network density, along with a 1.947 characteristic path length. The local topological analysis predicted IFNA1, IRF3, CXCL8, CXCL10, IFNB1, and CHUK as the critical hub genes in human H5N1 infection. Conclusion: The hub genes associated with the H5N1 infection and their pathways could serve as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets for H5N1 infection among humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11071269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:57:30Z","timestamp":1690160250000},"page":"1269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["System Biology Approach to Identify the Hub Genes and Pathways Associated with Human H5N1 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5862-3636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raushan","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananthesh","family":"L.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1263-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakash","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8149-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uday","family":"Mateti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjit","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha 442001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5634-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aroop","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur 273008, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rama","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur 273008, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2828-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bijaya","family":"Padhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5077-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumira","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi 834001, Jharkhand, India"},{"name":"School of Applied and Life Sciences, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India"},{"name":"Guru Nanak College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chakrata Road, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kadhim","family":"Jassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah 51001, Babylon, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moustafa","family":"Al-Shammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah 51001, Babylon, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5789-4215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 36, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7614-8587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakasini","family":"Satapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2896-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshuan","family":"Barboza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad C\u00e9sar Vallejo, Trujillo 13007, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Rodriguez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 36, Lebanon"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 4861, Peru"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Aut\u00f3noma de las Am\u00e9ricas-Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Visi\u00f3n de las Am\u00e9ricas, Pereira 660003, Risaralda, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2695-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjit","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, India"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Adlhoch, C., Fusaro, A., Gonzales, J.L., Kuiken, T., Marangon, S., Niqueux, \u00c9., and Staubach, C. (2021). Avian influenza overview September\u2013December 2021. EFSA J., 19, e07108.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.7108"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070791","article-title":"Pathology, Molecular Biology, and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Humans","volume":"172","author":"Korteweg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. 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