{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:54:14Z","timestamp":1790420054960,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":266,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is still a leading cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. After a long incubation period, the clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to acute liver failure. The severity of the disease increases with age and pre-existing liver disease. The transmission is mainly via person-to-person contact or ingestion of contaminated food or water. Food contamination can occur at any step of the food chain, especially when infected people handle not-heated or otherwise-treated food. HAV is endemic in low-income countries because of poor sanitary and sociodemographic conditions. The populations of developed countries are highly susceptible, and large outbreaks occur when HAV is introduced from endemic countries due to globalization, travel, and movement of foodstuffs. HAV prevention includes hygiene practices, immunoglobulins, and vaccination. Safe and effective inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are available and provide long-term protection. The vaccine targets are children and subjects at increased risk of HAV exposure or serious clinical outcomes. This review discusses the critical role of food handlers in the spread of HAV and the opportunity for food industry employers to consider food handler immunization a tool to manage both food safety in compliance with HACCP principles and food operators\u2019 biologic risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11071271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:57:30Z","timestamp":1690160250000},"page":"1271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Hepatitis a Vaccine as Opportunity of Primary Prevention for Food Handlers: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5303-9609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Fallucca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) \u201cG. D\u2019Alessandro\u201d, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5406-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Restivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) \u201cG. D\u2019Alessandro\u201d, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Sgariglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Roveta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit 3, 16142 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4633-202X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Trucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit 3, 16142 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fields, B.N., Knipe, D.M., and Howley, P.M. 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