{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:03:19Z","timestamp":1787724199920,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-019383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-019383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31AI167535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31AI167535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-019383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-019383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31AI167535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31AI167535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A better understanding of population-level factors related to measles case fatality is needed to estimate measles mortality burden and impact of interventions such as vaccination. This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework of mechanisms associated with measles case fatality ratios (CFRs) and assess the scope of evidence available for related indicators. Using expert consultation, we developed a conceptual framework of mechanisms associated with measles CFR and identified population-level indicators potentially associated with each mechanism. We conducted a literature review by searching PubMed on 31 October 2021 to determine the scope of evidence for the expert-identified indicators. Studies were included if they contained evidence of an association between an indicator and CFR and were excluded if they were from non-human studies or reported non-original data. Included studies were assessed for study quality. Expert consultation identified five mechanisms in a conceptual framework of factors related to measles CFR. We identified 3772 studies for review and found 49 studies showing at least one significant association with CFR for 15 indicators (average household size, educational attainment, first- and second-dose coverage of measles-containing vaccine, human immunodeficiency virus prevalence, level of health care available, stunting prevalence, surrounding conflict, travel time to major city or settlement, travel time to nearest health care facility, under-five mortality rate, underweight prevalence, vitamin A deficiency prevalence, vitamin A treatment, and general malnutrition) and only non-significant associations for five indicators (antibiotic use for measles-related pneumonia, malaria prevalence, percent living in urban settings, pneumococcal conjugate vaccination coverage, vitamin A supplementation). Our study used expert consultation and a literature review to provide additional insights and a summary of the available evidence of these underlying mechanisms and indicators that could inform future measles CFR estimations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11081389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T08:53:31Z","timestamp":1692608011000},"page":"1389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Population-Level Risk Factors Related to Measles Case Fatality: A Conceptual Framework Based on Expert Consultation and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alyssa N.","family":"Sbarra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Jit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9093-3186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan F.","family":"Mosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicity","family":"Cutts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Papania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Kretsinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health Division, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niket","family":"Thakkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health Division, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katy A. M.","family":"Gaythorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Gamage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, Colombo 01000, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Kendall","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Development Division, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Dansereau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Development Division, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Crowcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8467-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison","family":"Portnoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T.H. 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