{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:21:12Z","timestamp":1791937272439,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82104130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104130"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202301AT070362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AT070362"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202201AU070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070150"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202101AT070286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AT070286"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC2305700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305700"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202102AA310035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102AA310035"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202002AA100009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202002AA100009"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["3332022075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332022075"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["H-2019063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H-2019063"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202205AC160015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205AC160015"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021-I2M-1-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-043"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["82104130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104130"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202301AT070362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AT070362"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202201AU070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070150"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202101AT070286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AT070286"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["2022YFC2305700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305700"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202102AA310035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102AA310035"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202002AA100009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202002AA100009"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["3332022075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332022075"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["H-2019063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H-2019063"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202205AC160015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205AC160015"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["2021-I2M-1-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-043"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["82104130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104130"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["202301AT070362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AT070362"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["202201AU070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070150"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["202101AT070286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AT070286"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFC2305700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305700"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["202102AA310035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102AA310035"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["202002AA100009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202002AA100009"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["3332022075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332022075"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["H-2019063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H-2019063"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["202205AC160015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205AC160015"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021-I2M-1-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-043"]}]},{"name":"the Special Biomedicine Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["82104130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104130"]}]},{"name":"the Special Biomedicine Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["202301AT070362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AT070362"]}]},{"name":"the Special Biomedicine Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["202201AU070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070150"]}]},{"name":"the Special Biomedicine Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["202101AT070286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AT070286"]}]},{"name":"the Special Biomedicine Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["2022YFC2305700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305700"]}]},{"name":"the Special Biomedicine Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["202102AA310035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102AA310035"]}]},{"name":"the Special Biomedicine Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["202002AA100009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202002AA100009"]}]},{"name":"the Special Biomedicine Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["3332022075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332022075"]}]},{"name":"the Special Biomedicine Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["H-2019063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H-2019063"]}]},{"name":"the Special Biomedicine Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["202205AC160015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205AC160015"]}]},{"name":"the Special Biomedicine Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["2021-I2M-1-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-043"]}]},{"name":"the Major Science and Technology Special Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["82104130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104130"]}]},{"name":"the Major Science and Technology Special Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["202301AT070362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AT070362"]}]},{"name":"the Major Science and Technology Special Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["202201AU070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070150"]}]},{"name":"the Major Science and Technology Special Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["202101AT070286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AT070286"]}]},{"name":"the Major Science and Technology Special Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["2022YFC2305700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305700"]}]},{"name":"the Major Science and Technology Special Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["202102AA310035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102AA310035"]}]},{"name":"the Major Science and Technology Special Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["202002AA100009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202002AA100009"]}]},{"name":"the Major Science and Technology Special Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["3332022075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332022075"]}]},{"name":"the Major Science and Technology Special Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["H-2019063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H-2019063"]}]},{"name":"the Major Science and Technology Special Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["202205AC160015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205AC160015"]}]},{"name":"the Major Science and Technology Special Projects of Yunnan Province","award":["2021-I2M-1-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-043"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82104130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202301AT070362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AT070362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202201AU070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202101AT070286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AT070286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2305700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202102AA310035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102AA310035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202002AA100009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202002AA100009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3332022075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332022075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H-2019063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H-2019063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202205AC160015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205AC160015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-I2M-1-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funds for the Training of High-Level Health Technical Personnel in Yunnan Province","award":["82104130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104130"]}]},{"name":"Funds for the Training of High-Level Health Technical Personnel in Yunnan Province","award":["202301AT070362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AT070362"]}]},{"name":"Funds for the Training of High-Level Health Technical Personnel in Yunnan Province","award":["202201AU070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070150"]}]},{"name":"Funds for the Training of High-Level Health Technical Personnel in Yunnan Province","award":["202101AT070286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AT070286"]}]},{"name":"Funds for the Training of High-Level Health Technical Personnel in Yunnan Province","award":["2022YFC2305700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305700"]}]},{"name":"Funds for the Training of High-Level Health Technical Personnel in Yunnan Province","award":["202102AA310035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102AA310035"]}]},{"name":"Funds for the Training of High-Level Health Technical Personnel in Yunnan Province","award":["202002AA100009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202002AA100009"]}]},{"name":"Funds for the Training of High-Level Health Technical Personnel in Yunnan Province","award":["3332022075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332022075"]}]},{"name":"Funds for the Training of High-Level Health Technical Personnel in Yunnan Province","award":["H-2019063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H-2019063"]}]},{"name":"Funds for the Training of High-Level Health Technical Personnel in Yunnan Province","award":["202205AC160015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205AC160015"]}]},{"name":"Funds for the Training of High-Level Health Technical Personnel in Yunnan Province","award":["2021-I2M-1-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-043"]}]},{"name":"Funds for High-Level Scientific and Technological Talents Selection Special Project of Yunnan Province","award":["82104130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104130"]}]},{"name":"Funds for High-Level Scientific and Technological Talents Selection Special Project of Yunnan Province","award":["202301AT070362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AT070362"]}]},{"name":"Funds for High-Level Scientific and Technological Talents Selection Special Project of Yunnan Province","award":["202201AU070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070150"]}]},{"name":"Funds for High-Level Scientific and Technological Talents Selection Special Project of Yunnan Province","award":["202101AT070286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AT070286"]}]},{"name":"Funds for High-Level Scientific and Technological Talents Selection Special Project of Yunnan Province","award":["2022YFC2305700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305700"]}]},{"name":"Funds for High-Level Scientific and Technological Talents Selection Special Project of Yunnan Province","award":["202102AA310035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102AA310035"]}]},{"name":"Funds for High-Level Scientific and Technological Talents Selection Special Project of Yunnan Province","award":["202002AA100009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202002AA100009"]}]},{"name":"Funds for High-Level Scientific and Technological Talents Selection Special Project of Yunnan Province","award":["3332022075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332022075"]}]},{"name":"Funds for High-Level Scientific and Technological Talents Selection Special Project of Yunnan Province","award":["H-2019063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H-2019063"]}]},{"name":"Funds for High-Level Scientific and Technological Talents Selection Special Project of Yunnan Province","award":["202205AC160015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205AC160015"]}]},{"name":"Funds for High-Level Scientific and Technological Talents Selection Special Project of Yunnan Province","award":["2021-I2M-1-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-043"]}]},{"name":"the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["82104130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104130"]}]},{"name":"the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["202301AT070362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AT070362"]}]},{"name":"the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["202201AU070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AU070150"]}]},{"name":"the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["202101AT070286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AT070286"]}]},{"name":"the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["2022YFC2305700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305700"]}]},{"name":"the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["202102AA310035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102AA310035"]}]},{"name":"the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["202002AA100009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202002AA100009"]}]},{"name":"the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["3332022075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332022075"]}]},{"name":"the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["H-2019063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H-2019063"]}]},{"name":"the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["202205AC160015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205AC160015"]}]},{"name":"the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["2021-I2M-1-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) plays a key role in the effectiveness of varicella zoster virus (VZV) vaccines, and mRNA vaccines have an innate advantage in inducing CMI. Glycoprotein E (gE) has been used widely as an antigen for VZV vaccines, and carboxyl-terminal mutations of gE are associated with VZV titer and infectivity. In addition, the untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNA affect the stability and half-life of mRNA in the cell and are crucial for protein expression and antigenic translational efficiency. In this study, three UTRs were designed and connected to the nucleic acid sequence of gE-M, which is double mutated in the extracellular region of gE. Then, mRNA with different nucleic acids was encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), forming three LNP-mRNA VZV vaccines, named gE-M-Z, gE-M-M, and gE-M-P. The immune response elicited by these vaccines in mice was evaluated at intervals of 4 weeks, and the mice were sacrificed 2 weeks after the final immunization. In the results, the gE-M-P group, which retains the nucleic acid sequence of gE-M and is connected to Pfizer\/BioNTech\u2019s BNT162b2 UTRs, induced the strongest humoral immune response and CMI. Because CMI is crucial for protection against VZV and for the design of VZV vaccines, this study provides a feasible strategy for improving the effectiveness and economy of future VZV vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11091475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T09:00:52Z","timestamp":1694422852000},"page":"1475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evaluation of the Immunological Efficacy of an LNP-mRNA Vaccine Prepared from Varicella Zoster Virus Glycoprotein gE with a Double-Mutated Carboxyl Terminus in Different Untranslated Regions in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yunfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangyang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingping","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-7464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2101-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cunbao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3215","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of varicella zoster virus pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Zerboni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-017-0519-y","article-title":"Incidence of varicella zoster virus infections of the central nervous system in the elderly: A large tertiary hospital-based series (2007\u20132014)","volume":"23","author":"Arruti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy279","article-title":"Molecular Genetic Insights Into Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), the vOka Vaccine Strain, and the Pathogenesis of Latency and Reactivation","volume":"218","author":"Breuer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.10.015","article-title":"An inverse correlation of VZV skin-test reaction, but not antibody, with severity of herpes zoster skin symptoms and zoster-associated pain","volume":"69","author":"Asada","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu279","article-title":"Fold rise in antibody titers by measured by glycoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is an excellent correlate of protection for a herpes zoster vaccine, demonstrated via the vaccine efficacy curve","volume":"210","author":"Gilbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haberthur, K., Engelmann, F., Park, B., Barron, A., Legasse, A., Dewane, J., Fischer, M., Kerns, A., Brown, M., and Messaoudi, I. (2011). CD4 T cell immunity is critical for the control of simian varicella virus infection in a nonhuman primate model of VZV infection. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002367"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03445-13","article-title":"Analysis of T cell responses during active varicella-zoster virus reactivation in human ganglia","volume":"88","author":"Steain","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"341","article-title":"VZV T cell-mediated immunity","volume":"342","author":"Weinberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.02.048","article-title":"Efficient induction of cell-mediated immunity to varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E co-lyophilized with a cationic liposome-based adjuvant in mice","volume":"37","author":"Wui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9481","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00533-06","article-title":"Essential functions of the unique N-terminal region of the varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E ectodomain in viral replication and in the pathogenesis of skin infection","volume":"80","author":"Berarducci","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03633.x","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus glycoprotein E-specific CD4+ T cells show evidence of recent activation and effector differentiation, consistent with frequent exposure to replicative cycle antigens in healthy immune donors","volume":"152","author":"Malavige","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1556","article-title":"The requirement of varicella zoster virus glycoprotein E (gE) for viral replication and effects of glycoprotein I on gE in melanoma cells","volume":"304","author":"Mo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11377","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.23.11377-11387.2000","article-title":"Glycoprotein E of varicella-zoster virus enhances cell-cell contact in polarized epithelial cells","volume":"74","author":"Mo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Yang, K., Li, R., and Zhang, L. (2020). mRNA Vaccine Era-Mechanisms, Drug Platform and Clinical Prospection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186582"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12406","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.22.12406-12415.2004","article-title":"Functions of the C-terminal domain of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E in viral replication in vitro and skin and T-cell tropism in vivo","volume":"78","author":"Moffat","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4042","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.5.4042-4054.1997","article-title":"Endocytosis and recycling of varicella-zoster virus Fc receptor glycoprotein gE: Internalization mediated by a YXXL motif in the cytoplasmic tail","volume":"71","author":"Olson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.1.323-340.2001","article-title":"Essential role played by the C-terminal domain of glycoprotein I in envelopment of varicella-zoster virus in the trans-Golgi network: Interactions of glycoproteins with tegument","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.06.062","article-title":"Immunogenicity generated by mRNA vaccine encoding VZV gE antigen is comparable to adjuvanted subunit vaccine and better than live attenuated vaccine in nonhuman primates","volume":"38","author":"Monslow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, H., Wang, Y., Luan, N., Lin, K., and Liu, C. (2021). Effects of Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein E Carboxyl-Terminal Mutation on mRNA Vaccine Efficacy. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9121440"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6372","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.10.6372-6390.1994","article-title":"Intracellular transport of newly synthesized varicella-zoster virus: Final envelopment in the trans-Golgi network","volume":"68","author":"Gershon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6600","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.14.6600-6613.2000","article-title":"Trafficking of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein gI: T(338)-dependent retention in the trans-Golgi network, secretion, and mannose 6-phosphate-inhibitable uptake of the ectodomain","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6563","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.10.6563-6575.1996","article-title":"Targeting of glycoprotein I (gE) of varicella-zoster virus to the trans-Golgi network by an AYRV sequence and an acidic amino acid-rich patch in the cytosolic domain of the molecule","volume":"70","author":"Zhu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, X. (2021). Detailed Dissection and Critical Evaluation of the Pfizer\/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA Vaccines. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9070734"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.017","article-title":"Modified mRNA Vaccines Protect against Zika Virus Infection","volume":"168","author":"Richner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.03.035","article-title":"Preclinical and Clinical Demonstration of Immunogenicity by mRNA Vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 Influenza Viruses","volume":"25","author":"Bahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4009","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-015024","article-title":"Modification of antigen-encoding RNA increases stability, translational efficacy, and T-cell stimulatory capacity of dendritic cells","volume":"108","author":"Holtkamp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2022.05.003","article-title":"mRNA vaccines: Past, present, future","volume":"17","author":"Karam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.09.031","article-title":"VZV-specific cell-mediated immunity, but not humoral immunity, correlates inversely with the incidence of herpes zoster and the severity of skin symptoms and zoster-associated pain: The SHEZ study","volume":"37","author":"Asada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/9\/1475\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:48:53Z","timestamp":1760129333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/9\/1475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines11091475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11091475","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]}}}